Spanning Tree Protocol
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The Spanning Tree Protocol’s purpose is preventing bridging loops and allows a network to quick recover if the primary path fails. STP was invented by Radia Perlman from the Digital Equipment Corporation.
Spanning-Tree Protocol is a way to have redundant paths and stop loops from having. All Ethernet networks only work well if there is only one path between two points. Having many different paths will cause loops in a network. This cause frames to be duplicated. The Spanning-Tree protocol will define all switches in the network. The algorithm will automatically change the STP topology by activating or inactivating certain paths, so that only one path will be present between two points. The end-devices do not know they are connected to one network or many networks.
Election of the Root Switch The switches in the network gather information with the exchange of data messages. These are called bridge protocol data units (BPDUs). There is an election for a root switch on every LAN segment. To stop loops STP by putting redundant switches ports into a backup state. The root switch is the place where the STP algorithm runs. All other paths not needed to reach the root switch are put in to backup mode
Root Switch Variables
| Variable | Description |
| Hello Time | How often a hello is broadcasted to the other switches, so the switch knows the other switches are functioning. |
| Maximum Age Timer | Defines how long a bridge or switch should wait after the last received hello message before believing that the network topology has changed. |
| Forward Delay Timer | Time the switch has spent learning/listening before it begins forwarding traffic. |
Information a BPDU contains
- MAC addresses
- Switch priority
- Port priority
- Port cost
STP Steps
Elects a root bridge
Only one bridge can exist per VLAN
Designated ports send and receive traffic and configuration trafic called BPDUs
The switch with the lowest priority will become the root bridge
Selects the root port for all other switches One port on all switches, that are not root bridges, This port is the lowest cost path to the root bridge. If two ports have the same priority, the lowest port number will become the root port.