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= '''VLSM Fundamentals''' =
= '''VLSM Fundamentals''' =
== Introduction ==
== Objective ==
=== Objective ===


:The primary goal of this page is to provide a simple explanation to the techniques for designing and planning LANs using VLSM.  The materials presented here are presented for someone who may be at the first course level in the Networking Academy CCNA Exploration curriculum.  Knowing how to subnet networks using VLSM quickly is a necessary skill needed as you prepare for your CCNA certifications.  
:This is a guide explaining the basic fundamentals to subnetting your network into subnets using VLSM.  The level of complexity of the subject is appropriate for the network technician student studying the Network Fundamentals course in the Network Academy CCNA Exploration curriculum.  It is my desire to give that student a quick way to determine their VLSM IP plan and to help increase their basic subnetting skills.  Learning some of the simple steps to VLSM subnetting will be a valuable tool to use as the student progresses towards their CCNA certifications. VLSM/CIDR subneting techniques are essential to your ability to plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot network technologies.   


=== Definitions ===
== Definitions ==
::VLSM: Variable-length Subnet Masks, is simply a method used to divide a network into subnets and conserve the use of IP address.
 
::CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing, uses Variable-length Subnet Masks to define routes.


:VLSM - Variable-length subnet masking.  This is a more practical way of subnetting a network by efficiently using the Host bits in the subnet.
::N: Network bits taken from the Host portion of the IP address and are reserved to define the subnets.  These Bits are turned on or equal to 1 from the left to the right.


:CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing.  This is based on VLSM subnetting of Class A, B and C networks.
::H: Host bits are the remaining portion of the IP address which is not defined to the network.  The more Network bits you use the less available Hosts
there are for the subnet.


::Network of subnet address: The beginning address of each subnet.  Can be determined by using the ANDing process.


== Typical Classful Networks ==
::Broadcast address: The highest IP address in a subnet before entering the next network.


:This is the 'older' method of creating subnetworks.  This is not an efficient use of IP addresses within a network.  It is actually wasteful of IP addresses because all the subnets have the same number of hosts.
::Network increment: Size of the increase between the starting network boundary .


:Remember that when you subnet a classful network all of the networks will have the same number of hosts because they have the same subnet mask.
::Block size: Another term for Network increment.


::Interesting Octet: IP address octet which is being subnetted.  This will be the octet of the subnet mask that is not 0's or 255.


=== Basic CIDR understanding ===


::There are also a range of IP addresses you can only used privately, not on the internet.
= Routing Protocol information =
:::These are the RFC 1918 private IP's:
:::Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
:::Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.32.255.255
:::Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255


::1 examine the number of bits borrowed for Host addresses.
:Classful Routing: Neither RIPv1 nor IGRP routing protocols contain a field to hold the subnet routing information, so the subnet information is dropped by the router.  If a router is running RIP, with a subnet mask of a certain value, it will assume that all of the interfaces within the classful address space have the same subnet mask. If you happen to configure different subnet masks (VLSM) on a network running RIP or IGRP, that network just will not work.
::2 observe the most interesting octet.  This will allow you to determine the subnet mask.
::3 determine the network increment (size of the network blocks)  256 - subnet mask = block size.


:the number of Networks is figured out by 2 to the Nth power - 2  ( N standing for the number of network bits borrowed).
:Classless Routing:  These routing protocols do support subnet information advertisement. RIPv2, EIGRP and OSPF are protocols that will work with
::Remember that the number of networks cannot include all 0's or 1's.  All 0's is the network address and the broadcast address is all 1's.
VLSM.  Therefore, the networks running these protocols will efficiently use the available address space.  VLSM networks, with have different subnet
masks can be running on different interfaces on a router.


=== Steps to subnet in your head  ===


::It is important for you to practice this until you are fluent in this skill.  Following the next points will help you become quicker when determining networks.  Actually, you use these same steps when performing VLSM as when you are subnetting classical networks.
= Subnetting Basics =


::1.  Identify the number of Network bits borrowed to create a subnet  
::When designing your network using VLSM you must already have the basics of subnetting classful networks.  No matter what class a networks is in it is using the same subnet mask.  A subnet mask is a 32-bit value which will allow the receiver of IP packets to determine the network portions of the IP address from the host portion.  It is important that you can determine the subnet masks quickly and accurately. The subnet mask is composed of 1's and 0's. The 1's will signify the network or the subnet address.  
::2...
The following
:*Postfix
:*Send mail


::There are many different ways to subnet a network, but regardless of the address class there are some similarities.
::Remember that subnet bits start from the left to the right and do not skip over any bits.  Observe and identify the most interesting octet of the subnet mask.  In that octet you will be able to determine the subnet mask and the CICR values that represent that subnet mask.


== VLSM Design ==
::Using this chart you may be able to determine your subnet mask and the CIDR notation for each class.


::VLSM is the process where you are subnetting a subnet using varying subnet masks.
:::Class A addresses have  8 bits on for network and 24 bits for hosts.  Default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0          with CIDR of  /8
    
:::Class B addresses have 16 bits on for network and 16 bits for hosts.   Default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0      with CIDR of /16
::Your IP plan will determine the basic layout of the networks.  There are multiple solutions possible.  It is really up to the network administrator to satisfy the requirements for the environment and it is your choice as to which address ranges you will apply to each subnet.  
:::Class C addresses have 24 bits on for network and  8 bits for hosts.  Default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 with CIDR of /24 


::A good IP plan requires forethought and planning.  Evaluate the number of hosts on the current or existing networks and remember to include possible future networks.
::Add the number of binary bit borrowed to the default subnet mask for the class your address is in to create your CIDR notation.
   
::Place your Decimal representation in the interesting octet of the subnet mask to create the mask for the subnet.
::IP Subnet Zero.
 
;; CIDR (Default subnet mask plus the number of host bits borrowed)
;; Networks Class A Class B Class C
;; Binary (N/H) Decimal Block size Interesting Octet (2nd octet) (3rd octet) (4th octet) 
;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; 00000000 = 0 256 /8 /16 /24
;; 10000000 = 128 128 /9 /17 /25
;; 11000000 = 192 64 /10 /18 /26
;; 11100000 = 224 32 /11 /19 /27
;; 11110000 = 240 16 /12 /20 /28
;; 11111000 = 248 8 /13 /21 /29
;; 11111100 = 252 4 /14 /22 /30
;; 11111110 = 254 2 /15 /23
;; 11111111  =      255 1
;;
=== Subnetting in your head ===
;; 1. How many subnets? 2^N
;; 2. How many hosts per subnet? 2^H - 2
;; 3. What are the valid subnets?  Network increment is equal to 256 - subnet mask = Block size. Starting at 0, each network address can be
;; found by adding the block to the previous subnet address.  
;; 4. What is the broadcast address for each subnet? It is alway all 1's, which is decimal 255.  This is 1 less than each subnet address.
;; 5. What are the valid hosts in each subnet?  2^H - 2, Always the addresses between the subnet address and the broadcast address.
;;
;;
;; Ex.
;; IP address: 192.168.10.0 /25
;; Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128
;;
;; 1. How many subnets? 2^1 = 2.
;; 2. How many hosts per subnet? 2^7 - 2 = 126 Hosts
;; 3. What are the valid subnets? 256 - 128 = 128. Subnet address are 0 and 128.
;; 4. What is the broadcast address for each subnet? 127 and 255.
;; 5. What are the valid hosts? For subnet 0, 1 through 126 and subnet 128, 129 through 254.




=== Steps for creating an IP plan using VLSM ===
=== IP Subnet-zero ===
::This command allows you to use the first and the last subnet in your network design.  Cisco has turned this command on by default starting with Cisco IOS version 12.x and later.  If it is turned off for some reason, you can re-enable it manually in your configuration otherwise you have to use the formula of 2^N - 2 to identify the number of networks. 


::*First examine your networks and determine how many Host bit will be needed to satisfy the largest network


::*Next, pick a subnet to use for the next largest network
;; The following charts show the difference in how wasteful Classful networks are verses the more efficient Classless VLSM network.
;; Network 198.168.10.0
;; Mask 255.255.255.240 (/28)
;; Networks 2^4 = 16
;; Hosts/subnet 2^4 - 2 = 14
;;
;; Ex: Classful network
;;
;; Network  Classful subnets         Subnet masks     Addresses needed  IP address usage
;; -------  ---------------  --------------  ---------------  ------------------
;; 1.           198.168.10.0  /28   255.255.255.240  LAN1-25 Hosts Not enough addresses
;; 2.           198.168.10.16 /28   255.255.255.240  LAN2-12 Hosts 4 addresses not used
;; 3.           198.168.10.32 /28   255.255.255.240  Lan3-6 Hosts 10 addresses not used
;; 4.           198.168.10.48 /28   255.255.255.240  Wan1-2 IPs         12 addresses not used
;; 5.           198.168.10.64 /28   255.255.255.240  LAN4-10 Hosts 6 addresses not used
;;
;; *Network 1 does not have enough IP address available to assign to the number of hosts existing.  The other networks all have excess IP address.


::*Then pick the next largest network to configure, until all networks are accounted for
;; Ex: Classless network design
;;
;; Network    Classful subnets   Subnet masks     Addresses needed  IP address usage
;; -------  ---------------    -------------  --------------    ---------------------
;; 1.           198.168.10.0  /27   255.255.255.192  LAN1-25 Hosts 30 addresses available
;; 2.           198.168.10.32 /28   255.255.255.240  12 Hosts                 2 addresses not used
;; 3.           198.168.10.48 /28   255.255.255.240  10 Hosts                   4 addresses not used
;; 4.           198.168.10.64 /29   255.255.255.248  6 Hosts             All addresses used
;; 5.           198.168.10.72 /30   255.255.255.252  2 Hosts               All addresses used
;;
;; *Network 1 now has enough IP address for the number of host.  Network 2 & 3 have more efficiency.  Networks 4 & 5 are full.  The networks have the right amount of address space to assign, but there is still addresses available for future expansion of additional LANs and WANs.


::*Determine network numbers for all serial links 


= Implementing VLSM networks =


== Implementing VLSM ==
;The fundamental goal of VLSM subnetting is to preserve IP addresses on a local network by subdividing the network Host bits into smaller and more
efficient subnetworks. 


:Make sure that your network assignments and subnet masks are accurate and that they fit your physical topology.
;VLSM is the most efficient use of the number of Hosts in an address class.


:Verify that your IP addresses and subnet masks to not crossover any binary and octal bit boundaries.  If they are incorrect, you will receive an error when configuring router interfaces.
;There are multiple solutions possible when subnetting you network and they may all be correct.  It would be your decision as to how you want to
subdivide your address space.
 
;Your network addresses should make sense when planning for current networks and for future growth.  Be careful that you do not crossover into the
next subnet because incorrect IP addressing and assignment of subnet masks will will cause problems with connectivity when implemented.
 
== Steps to follow when creating your IP plan using VLSM ==
;1. First know how to determine your Block sizes and how to create Subnet Masks from the charts.
;;Calculating these quickly is a valuable tool to use when creating VLSM subnetworks and are the same numbers used when subnetting.
;2. Then create a VLSM table and worksheet.  Use these to visually check that you do not accidentally overlap networks.  See items below.
;3. Then determine how many H bits are needed to be borrowed in order to provide enough Hosts on the the largest network.
;;You cannot use the Network bits of the IP address.  VLSM is confined to borrowing the Host bits, moving from the left to the right.
;;Use the CIDR subnetting techniques explained above.
 
;4. Choose the subnet mask which defines the rest of the remaining subnets.
;;Repeat step until you have configured all the necessary subnets.
 
;5. Determine the network numbers for the serial links.
;;Keep in mind the the largest subnet mask you can assign is /30, regardless of the address class, because you have to save at least two address for hosts.
 
;; VLSM subnet worksheet
 
;; Ex.
;; 192.168.10.0
 
;; Network Host Block Subnet Mask
;; ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
;; A 14 16 /28 240
;; B 30 32 /27 224
;; C 20 32 /27 224
;; D 6 8 /29 248
;; E 2 4 /30 252
;; F 2 4 /30 252
;; G 2 4 /30 252
;; H 2 4 /30 252
 
 
;; VLSM worksheet
;; -----------------------
;; 0 -
;; 4 -
;; 8 ----------------------------------------
;; 12 - D - 192.168.10.8 /29
;; 16 ----------------------------------------
;; 20 -
;; 24 - D - 192.168.10.16 /28
;; 28 -
;; 32 ----------------------------------------
;; 36 -
;; 40 -
;; 44 -
;; 48 - D - 192.168.10.32 /27
;; 52 -
;; 56 -
;; 60 -
;; 64 ----------------------------------------
;; 68 -
;; 72 -
;; 76 -
;; 80 - D - 192.168.10.64 /27
;; 84 -
;; 88 -
;; 92 -
;; 96 ----------------------------------------
;; D - 192.168.10.96 /30
;; 100 ----------------------------------------
;; D - 192.168.10.100 /30
;; 104 ----------------------------------------
;; D - 192.168.10.104 /30
;; 108 ----------------------------------------
;; D - 192.168.10.108 /30
;; 112 ----------------------------------------
;; . . .
;; 128 -
;; . . .
;; 144 -
;; . . .
;; 160 -
;; . . .
;; 176 -
;; . . .
;; 192 -
;; . . .
;; 208 -
;; . . .
;; 224 -
;; . . .
;; 240 -
;; . . .
;; 256 -
;Look back over your plan see that no numbers are used twice and that all subnets in the network are assigned with the greatest amount of efficiency.  The least amount of IP address are wasted on the serial links and there is room for future expansion if needed.
 
: Now you have completed your IP plan and have enjoyed the power and flexibility of VLSM!

Revision as of 03:49, 9 May 2011

VLSM Fundamentals

Objective

This is a guide explaining the basic fundamentals to subnetting your network into subnets using VLSM. The level of complexity of the subject is appropriate for the network technician student studying the Network Fundamentals course in the Network Academy CCNA Exploration curriculum. It is my desire to give that student a quick way to determine their VLSM IP plan and to help increase their basic subnetting skills. Learning some of the simple steps to VLSM subnetting will be a valuable tool to use as the student progresses towards their CCNA certifications. VLSM/CIDR subneting techniques are essential to your ability to plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot network technologies.

Definitions

VLSM: Variable-length Subnet Masks, is simply a method used to divide a network into subnets and conserve the use of IP address.
CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing, uses Variable-length Subnet Masks to define routes.
N: Network bits taken from the Host portion of the IP address and are reserved to define the subnets. These Bits are turned on or equal to 1 from the left to the right.
H: Host bits are the remaining portion of the IP address which is not defined to the network. The more Network bits you use the less available Hosts

there are for the subnet.

Network of subnet address: The beginning address of each subnet. Can be determined by using the ANDing process.
Broadcast address: The highest IP address in a subnet before entering the next network.
Network increment: Size of the increase between the starting network boundary .
Block size: Another term for Network increment.
Interesting Octet: IP address octet which is being subnetted. This will be the octet of the subnet mask that is not 0's or 255.


Routing Protocol information

Classful Routing: Neither RIPv1 nor IGRP routing protocols contain a field to hold the subnet routing information, so the subnet information is dropped by the router. If a router is running RIP, with a subnet mask of a certain value, it will assume that all of the interfaces within the classful address space have the same subnet mask. If you happen to configure different subnet masks (VLSM) on a network running RIP or IGRP, that network just will not work.
Classless Routing: These routing protocols do support subnet information advertisement. RIPv2, EIGRP and OSPF are protocols that will work with

VLSM. Therefore, the networks running these protocols will efficiently use the available address space. VLSM networks, with have different subnet masks can be running on different interfaces on a router.


Subnetting Basics

When designing your network using VLSM you must already have the basics of subnetting classful networks. No matter what class a networks is in it is using the same subnet mask. A subnet mask is a 32-bit value which will allow the receiver of IP packets to determine the network portions of the IP address from the host portion. It is important that you can determine the subnet masks quickly and accurately. The subnet mask is composed of 1's and 0's. The 1's will signify the network or the subnet address.
There are many different ways to subnet a network, but regardless of the address class there are some similarities.
Remember that subnet bits start from the left to the right and do not skip over any bits. Observe and identify the most interesting octet of the subnet mask. In that octet you will be able to determine the subnet mask and the CICR values that represent that subnet mask.
Using this chart you may be able to determine your subnet mask and the CIDR notation for each class.
Class A addresses have 8 bits on for network and 24 bits for hosts. Default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 with CIDR of /8
Class B addresses have 16 bits on for network and 16 bits for hosts. Default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 with CIDR of /16
Class C addresses have 24 bits on for network and 8 bits for hosts. Default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 with CIDR of /24
Add the number of binary bit borrowed to the default subnet mask for the class your address is in to create your CIDR notation.
Place your Decimal representation in the interesting octet of the subnet mask to create the mask for the subnet.
CIDR (Default subnet mask plus the number of host bits borrowed)
Networks Class A Class B Class C
Binary (N/H) Decimal Block size Interesting Octet (2nd octet) (3rd octet) (4th octet)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
00000000 = 0 256 /8 /16 /24
10000000 = 128 128 /9 /17 /25
11000000 = 192 64 /10 /18 /26
11100000 = 224 32 /11 /19 /27
11110000 = 240 16 /12 /20 /28
11111000 = 248 8 /13 /21 /29
11111100 = 252 4 /14 /22 /30
11111110 = 254 2 /15 /23
11111111 = 255 1

Subnetting in your head

1. How many subnets? 2^N
2. How many hosts per subnet? 2^H - 2
3. What are the valid subnets? Network increment is equal to 256 - subnet mask = Block size. Starting at 0, each network address can be
found by adding the block to the previous subnet address.
4. What is the broadcast address for each subnet? It is alway all 1's, which is decimal 255. This is 1 less than each subnet address.
5. What are the valid hosts in each subnet? 2^H - 2, Always the addresses between the subnet address and the broadcast address.
Ex.
IP address
192.168.10.0 /25
Subnet mask
255.255.255.128
1. How many subnets? 2^1 = 2.
2. How many hosts per subnet? 2^7 - 2 = 126 Hosts
3. What are the valid subnets? 256 - 128 = 128. Subnet address are 0 and 128.
4. What is the broadcast address for each subnet? 127 and 255.
5. What are the valid hosts? For subnet 0, 1 through 126 and subnet 128, 129 through 254.


IP Subnet-zero

This command allows you to use the first and the last subnet in your network design. Cisco has turned this command on by default starting with Cisco IOS version 12.x and later. If it is turned off for some reason, you can re-enable it manually in your configuration otherwise you have to use the formula of 2^N - 2 to identify the number of networks.


The following charts show the difference in how wasteful Classful networks are verses the more efficient Classless VLSM network.
Network 198.168.10.0
Mask 255.255.255.240 (/28)
Networks 2^4 = 16
Hosts/subnet 2^4 - 2 = 14
Ex
Classful network
Network Classful subnets Subnet masks Addresses needed IP address usage
------- --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------------
1. 198.168.10.0 /28 255.255.255.240 LAN1-25 Hosts Not enough addresses
2. 198.168.10.16 /28 255.255.255.240 LAN2-12 Hosts 4 addresses not used
3. 198.168.10.32 /28 255.255.255.240 Lan3-6 Hosts 10 addresses not used
4. 198.168.10.48 /28 255.255.255.240 Wan1-2 IPs 12 addresses not used
5. 198.168.10.64 /28 255.255.255.240 LAN4-10 Hosts 6 addresses not used
*Network 1 does not have enough IP address available to assign to the number of hosts existing. The other networks all have excess IP address.


Ex
Classless network design
Network Classful subnets Subnet masks Addresses needed IP address usage
------- --------------- ------------- -------------- ---------------------
1. 198.168.10.0 /27 255.255.255.192 LAN1-25 Hosts 30 addresses available
2. 198.168.10.32 /28 255.255.255.240 12 Hosts 2 addresses not used
3. 198.168.10.48 /28 255.255.255.240 10 Hosts 4 addresses not used
4. 198.168.10.64 /29 255.255.255.248 6 Hosts All addresses used
5. 198.168.10.72 /30 255.255.255.252 2 Hosts All addresses used
*Network 1 now has enough IP address for the number of host. Network 2 & 3 have more efficiency. Networks 4 & 5 are full. The networks have the right amount of address space to assign, but there is still addresses available for future expansion of additional LANs and WANs.


Implementing VLSM networks

The fundamental goal of VLSM subnetting is to preserve IP addresses on a local network by subdividing the network Host bits into smaller and more

efficient subnetworks.

VLSM is the most efficient use of the number of Hosts in an address class.
There are multiple solutions possible when subnetting you network and they may all be correct. It would be your decision as to how you want to

subdivide your address space.

Your network addresses should make sense when planning for current networks and for future growth. Be careful that you do not crossover into the

next subnet because incorrect IP addressing and assignment of subnet masks will will cause problems with connectivity when implemented.


Steps to follow when creating your IP plan using VLSM

1. First know how to determine your Block sizes and how to create Subnet Masks from the charts.
Calculating these quickly is a valuable tool to use when creating VLSM subnetworks and are the same numbers used when subnetting.
2. Then create a VLSM table and worksheet. Use these to visually check that you do not accidentally overlap networks. See items below.
3. Then determine how many H bits are needed to be borrowed in order to provide enough Hosts on the the largest network.
You cannot use the Network bits of the IP address. VLSM is confined to borrowing the Host bits, moving from the left to the right.
Use the CIDR subnetting techniques explained above.
4. Choose the subnet mask which defines the rest of the remaining subnets.
Repeat step until you have configured all the necessary subnets.
5. Determine the network numbers for the serial links.
Keep in mind the the largest subnet mask you can assign is /30, regardless of the address class, because you have to save at least two address for hosts.


VLSM subnet worksheet
Ex.
192.168.10.0
Network Host Block Subnet Mask
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
A 14 16 /28 240
B 30 32 /27 224
C 20 32 /27 224
D 6 8 /29 248
E 2 4 /30 252
F 2 4 /30 252
G 2 4 /30 252
H 2 4 /30 252


VLSM worksheet
-----------------------
0 -
4 -
8 ----------------------------------------
12 - D - 192.168.10.8 /29
16 ----------------------------------------
20 -
24 - D - 192.168.10.16 /28
28 -
32 ----------------------------------------
36 -
40 -
44 -
48 - D - 192.168.10.32 /27
52 -
56 -
60 -
64 ----------------------------------------
68 -
72 -
76 -
80 - D - 192.168.10.64 /27
84 -
88 -
92 -
96 ----------------------------------------
D - 192.168.10.96 /30
100 ----------------------------------------
D - 192.168.10.100 /30
104 ----------------------------------------
D - 192.168.10.104 /30
108 ----------------------------------------
D - 192.168.10.108 /30
112 ----------------------------------------
. . .
128 -
. . .
144 -
. . .
160 -
. . .
176 -
. . .
192 -
. . .
208 -
. . .
224 -
. . .
240 -
. . .
256 -


Look back over your plan see that no numbers are used twice and that all subnets in the network are assigned with the greatest amount of efficiency. The least amount of IP address are wasted on the serial links and there is room for future expansion if needed.
Now you have completed your IP plan and have enjoyed the power and flexibility of VLSM!
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