Multilayer Switching: Difference between revisions

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                                        '''Parts In a Laptop'''




'''''Password recovery of the Cisco Routers'''''


[[File:CiscoRouters.jpg]]


  In order for one to understand these instructions you have to have prior knowledge of what a router is and its basic function.  
  '''Processor aka CPU (Central Processing''' Unit)
The CPU is considered to be the brain of the computer which contains the circuitry used to interpret and execute program instructions.


'''1'''.Connect a computer to the router’s Console port using the Console cable that came with your router (it is usually flat and light blue).
Use these Hyper terminal settings:


* 9600 baud rate
'''Memory aka RAM''' (Random Access Memory)
* No parity
Memory is used for the temporary storage and manipulation of data, when a program is opened it is loaded into RAM for quick and easy access.
* 8 data bits
* 1 stop bit
* No flow control
'''2'''. Turn the router off using the power switch and turn it back on.


'''3'''. Once text starts popping up on the screen, send the break command CTRL + B or CTRL +BREAK (sometimes it is CTRL +X). This will abort the boot and present you with a rommon 1> prompt
'''Video Card aka Graphics Card or Display Adapter'''  
The graphics card is a circuit board that generates and outputs the images to be displayed on the lcd screen.  


'''4'''. From the new prompt you need to change the configuration register using the following command: confreg 0×2142


'''5'''. If you are using an older model of router you may need to enter o/r 0×2142


'''6'''. Now you need to recycle the router with the reset command.
''' Audio Board aka Sound Board'''  
The audio board is used to enable the laptop to input, process, and output sound.  


'''7'''. If you used the o/r command then reset the router with the I command
'''Hard Drive''' aka HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
The hard disk drive is where you operating system, program files, and personal files are stored. Laptop hard drives are either 2.5" (60mm) or 1.8" (46mm) in size and thinner than desktop hard drives. The two most common hard drive interfaces in laptops are IDE/PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics/Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) and SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment). Serial ATA is the replacement for the older Parallel ATA hard drives.


'''8'''. Once the router finishes restarting you will find that there are no passwords to deal with, so you can enter enabled.


'''9'''. Now, go into configuration mode with the config t command


'''10''' .Once there enter the new password with the enable secret password


'''11'''. Now set the configuration register back to normal with this command: confreg 0×2102


'''Optical Drive''' aka ODD (Optical Disc Drive) or CD/DVD Drive
Optical drives can be either internal or external and are used to read and/or write CD's, DVD's and Blu-ray discs depending on the specific drive.


''' '''Password recovery on a Cisco 2950 switch''''''


'''1'''. Unplug the power cable


'''2'''. Hold down the mode button while replugging the power cable
'''LCD Screen'''  
The LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen uses liquid crystals, sealed between two polarizing filters, to redirect light when they are energized.  


'''3'''. Type flash_init over the console


'''4'''. Type load_helper


'''5'''. Type Dir flash :
make sure to type the semi-colons


'''6'''. Type rename flash:config.txt flash:config.old
'''Inverter Board''' aka FL Inverter
the password is contained in the config.txt file
The inverter board provides power to the backlight lamp inside your LCD screen, which allows the image on the screen to be bright.  


'''7'''. Type boot
this reboots the system


'''8'''. Type n to skip the initial setup configuration


'''9'''. Type enable
this takes you to the enable mode


'''10'''. Type rename flash:config.old flash:config.txt
'''LCD Cable''' aka Video Cable
The LCD cable connects the motherboard to the LCD screen, so data can be transfered from the motherboard and video card to the screen.  


'''11'''. Save config.txt to system


#copy flash:config.txt system:running-config
'''Keyboard'''


'''12'''. Enter config mode and change the password


# config t


# no enable secret


this applies only if the enable secret password was created
'''Touchpad''' aka Touch Mouse Pad
The touchpad on a laptop is an alternative to using a mouse.


'''13'''. Finally, write the changes to memory


# write memory
'''AC Adapter'''
The AC adapter for a laptop connects to a power outlet to both provide electricity for your laptop and to charge your battery.
 
 
'''Main Battery''' aka Laptop Battery
The laptop battery powers your laptop when it is not plugged into a wall outlet via an AC adapter. Most laptop batteries need to replaced every 3 to 5 years depending on how often you use the laptop with only battery power.
 
 
 
'''CMOS  Battery''' aka RTC (Real Time Clock) Battery
The CMOS battery provides power to the CMOS chip when the laptop is not powered on. The CMOS memory stores the date, time, and system setup parameters. Without the CMOS Battery, the CMOS would not be able to continuosly keep track of the date and time while your computer is off.
 
'''Heat Sink & Fan'''
Fans and heat sinks help in cooling down your laptop to prevent overheating. The heat sink is a device often made of copper or aluminum that sits on top of high heat generating chips such as the CPU and draws the heat away from the chip into the fins of the heat sink.

Revision as of 14:57, 29 July 2010

                                       Parts In a Laptop 




Processor aka CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The CPU is considered to be the brain of the computer which contains the circuitry used to interpret and execute program instructions.


Memory aka RAM (Random Access Memory) Memory is used for the temporary storage and manipulation of data, when a program is opened it is loaded into RAM for quick and easy access.


Video Card aka Graphics Card or Display Adapter The graphics card is a circuit board that generates and outputs the images to be displayed on the lcd screen.



Audio Board aka Sound Board The audio board is used to enable the laptop to input, process, and output sound.


Hard Drive aka HDD (Hard Disk Drive) The hard disk drive is where you operating system, program files, and personal files are stored. Laptop hard drives are either 2.5" (60mm) or 1.8" (46mm) in size and thinner than desktop hard drives. The two most common hard drive interfaces in laptops are IDE/PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics/Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) and SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment). Serial ATA is the replacement for the older Parallel ATA hard drives.




Optical Drive aka ODD (Optical Disc Drive) or CD/DVD Drive Optical drives can be either internal or external and are used to read and/or write CD's, DVD's and Blu-ray discs depending on the specific drive.



LCD Screen The LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen uses liquid crystals, sealed between two polarizing filters, to redirect light when they are energized.



Inverter Board aka FL Inverter The inverter board provides power to the backlight lamp inside your LCD screen, which allows the image on the screen to be bright.



LCD Cable aka Video Cable The LCD cable connects the motherboard to the LCD screen, so data can be transfered from the motherboard and video card to the screen.


Keyboard



Touchpad aka Touch Mouse Pad The touchpad on a laptop is an alternative to using a mouse.


AC Adapter The AC adapter for a laptop connects to a power outlet to both provide electricity for your laptop and to charge your battery.


Main Battery aka Laptop Battery The laptop battery powers your laptop when it is not plugged into a wall outlet via an AC adapter. Most laptop batteries need to replaced every 3 to 5 years depending on how often you use the laptop with only battery power.



CMOS Battery aka RTC (Real Time Clock) Battery The CMOS battery provides power to the CMOS chip when the laptop is not powered on. The CMOS memory stores the date, time, and system setup parameters. Without the CMOS Battery, the CMOS would not be able to continuosly keep track of the date and time while your computer is off.


Heat Sink & Fan Fans and heat sinks help in cooling down your laptop to prevent overheating. The heat sink is a device often made of copper or aluminum that sits on top of high heat generating chips such as the CPU and draws the heat away from the chip into the fins of the heat sink.

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