ITCwiki:Current events - Revision history

BenFranske: Blanked the page

2015-01-12T17:16:05Z

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	~~== '''A Brief History of Cypher text''' ==~~

	~~=== '''Scytale''' ===~~
	~~One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).~~

	~~The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the~~
	~~references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,~~
	~~essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about~~
	~~the Spartan General Lysander and how he communicated with his army.~~

	~~Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,~~

	~~<blockquote><i>“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of~~
	~~wood exactly alike in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, while~~
	~~they give the other to their envoy. These pieces of wood they call scytalae. Whenever, then, they wish to send some secret and~~
	~~important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their scytale, leaving no~~
	~~vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the~~
	~~parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the scytale; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off and send~~
	~~it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,--since the~~
	~~letters have no connection, but are disarranged,--unless he takes his own scytale and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that,~~
	~~when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and~~
	~~so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name~~
	~~of the measure.” </i></blockquote>~~
	~~:::—Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.~~


	~~References:~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytale''~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallel_Lives''~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysanderScytale''~~

	~~=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===~~
	~~Another early form of ciphering was the Caesar wheel, also known as the Caesar Cipher.. Named after Julius Caesar (100 B.C. – 44 B.C.) who was documented as having used it.~~

	This was essentially two disks of difference sizes. The smaller one on top of the larger one, joined in the center in such a . Each wheel would then be sectioned along its edge. Each of these sections had a letter of the alphabet. The key is set in advance such that both the sender and receiver what it is. The key was nothing more than a number which indicated the letter shift needed to encode or decode a message.

	~~For example..~~

	<blockquote><i>“If he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is, by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet,that not a word could be made out. “If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter of the alphabet, namely D, for A, and so with the others.”</i></blockquote>
	~~:::—Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar~~

	This is the easiest of the substitution ciphers. For example , it can be easily reverse engineered without having to know the key used. You’d just have to know the frequency of letters used in the language you. For example, in English if you know that “E” ,“T” and “A” were the most used letters in the alphabet you’d be well on your way to breaking the code.

	~~References:~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher''~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency''~~
	~~:: ''http://www.scholastic.com/spyx/pdfs/Cipher_Wheel.pdf''~~


	~~=== '''Jefferson Disk''' ===~~

	~~The Caesar Cipher would be the inspiration for Thomas Jefferson many centuries later. In 1795, Jefferson developed a cipher system~~
	~~with used a series of 36 wheels (or disks) positioned along a central spinal. Each wheel had on it’s edge a series of letters. Each disk~~
	~~is numbered and can be removed from the spinal, then put back on in any order. The order of the disks is the key.~~

	How this works is this… Both the sender and the receiver must have the disks in the same order. For example, for a 10 disk version might have a key like this 2,4,6,8,10,1,3,5,7,9. From there, the sender would arrange the wheels to spell out the message they wanted along one row. Then finding another row, copy the message from another row and that would be the coded message that would be sent. Since the receiver would have the disks in the same order, all they’d have to do would be spell out the coded message on the individual wheels then rotate them all at once until the sender’s message was shown.

	Though Jefferson invented the encryption, it didn’t catch on until later when it was also independently invented by Étienne Bazeries (French Cryptanalyst) about a century later. The Bazieries Cylinder was an improvement on the Jefferson Disk. With even further improvements, this would become the basis for the encoding system (M-94) the U.S. Army used from 1932- 1942.

	~~References:~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_disk''~~
	~~:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazeries_Cylinder''~~
	~~:: ''http://www.monticello.org:8081/wheelcipher/wheelcipher.html''~~

	~~==Credit==~~
	~~=== Rob Klaers, Billy Andersen, & Matt Mortiz ===~~

Klae0010 at 02:08, 25 April 2012

2012-04-25T02:08:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:08, 25 April 2012
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	=== '''Scytale''' ===		=== '''Scytale''' ===
	:One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).		One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).

	The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the		The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the
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	=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===		=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===
	:: Another early form of ciphering was the Caesar wheel, also known as the Caesar Cipher.. Named after Julius Caesar (100 B.C. – 44 B.C.) who was documented as having used it.		Another early form of ciphering was the Caesar wheel, also known as the Caesar Cipher.. Named after Julius Caesar (100 B.C. – 44 B.C.) who was documented as having used it.

	This was essentially two disks of difference sizes. The smaller one on top of the larger one, joined in the center in such a . Each wheel would then be sectioned along its edge. Each of these sections had a letter of the alphabet. The key is set in advance such that both the sender and receiver what it is. The key was nothing more than a number which indicated the letter shift needed to encode or decode a message.		This was essentially two disks of difference sizes. The smaller one on top of the larger one, joined in the center in such a . Each wheel would then be sectioned along its edge. Each of these sections had a letter of the alphabet. The key is set in advance such that both the sender and receiver what it is. The key was nothing more than a number which indicated the letter shift needed to encode or decode a message.

Klae0010: /* Jefferson Disk */

2012-04-25T02:07:21Z

Jefferson Disk

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:07, 25 April 2012
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	=== '''Jefferson Disk''' ===		=== '''Jefferson Disk''' ===
	::The Caesar Cipher would be the inspiration for Thomas Jefferson many centuries later. In 1795, Jefferson developed a cipher system with used a series of 36 wheels (or disks) positioned along a central spinal. Each wheel had on it’s edge a series of letters. Each disk is numbered and can be removed from the spinal, then put back on in any order. The order of the disks is the key.
			The Caesar Cipher would be the inspiration for Thomas Jefferson many centuries later. In 1795, Jefferson developed a cipher system
			with used a series of 36 wheels (or disks) positioned along a central spinal. Each wheel had on it’s edge a series of letters. Each disk
			is numbered and can be removed from the spinal, then put back on in any order. The order of the disks is the key.

	How this works is this… Both the sender and the receiver must have the disks in the same order. For example, for a 10 disk version might have a key like this 2,4,6,8,10,1,3,5,7,9. From there, the sender would arrange the wheels to spell out the message they wanted along one row. Then finding another row, copy the message from another row and that would be the coded message that would be sent. Since the receiver would have the disks in the same order, all they’d have to do would be spell out the coded message on the individual wheels then rotate them all at once until the sender’s message was shown.		How this works is this… Both the sender and the receiver must have the disks in the same order. For example, for a 10 disk version might have a key like this 2,4,6,8,10,1,3,5,7,9. From there, the sender would arrange the wheels to spell out the message they wanted along one row. Then finding another row, copy the message from another row and that would be the coded message that would be sent. Since the receiver would have the disks in the same order, all they’d have to do would be spell out the coded message on the individual wheels then rotate them all at once until the sender’s message was shown.

Klae0010 at 02:02, 25 April 2012

2012-04-25T02:02:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:02, 25 April 2012
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	when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and		when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and
	so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name		so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name
	of the measure.” </i></blockquote> —Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.		of the measure.” </i></blockquote>
			:::—Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.


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	For example..		For example..

	~~:::” If~~ he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is, by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet,		<blockquote><i>“If he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is, by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet,that not a word could be made out. “If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter of the alphabet, namely D, for A, and so with the others.”</i></blockquote>
	~~:::~~that not a word could be made out. “If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter		:::—Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar
	~~:::~~of the alphabet, namely D, for A, and so with the others.” —Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar

	This is the easiest of the substitution ciphers. For example , it can be easily reverse engineered without having to know the key used. You’d just have to know the frequency of letters used in the language you. For example, in English if you know that “E” ,“T” and “A” were the most used letters in the alphabet you’d be well on your way to breaking the code.		This is the easiest of the substitution ciphers. For example , it can be easily reverse engineered without having to know the key used. You’d just have to know the frequency of letters used in the language you. For example, in English if you know that “E” ,“T” and “A” were the most used letters in the alphabet you’d be well on your way to breaking the code.

Klae0010 at 01:57, 25 April 2012

2012-04-25T01:57:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:57, 25 April 2012
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	References:		References:
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher''
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency''
	:::: ''http://www.scholastic.com/spyx/pdfs/Cipher_Wheel.pdf''		:: ''http://www.scholastic.com/spyx/pdfs/Cipher_Wheel.pdf''


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	References:		References:
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_disk''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_disk''
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazeries_Cylinder''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazeries_Cylinder''
	:::: ''http://www.monticello.org:8081/wheelcipher/wheelcipher.html''		:: ''http://www.monticello.org:8081/wheelcipher/wheelcipher.html''

	==Credit==		==Credit==
	=== Rob Klaers, Billy Andersen, & Matt Mortiz ===		=== Rob Klaers, Billy Andersen, & Matt Mortiz ===

Klae0010: /* Scytale */

2012-04-25T01:56:16Z

Scytale

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:56, 25 April 2012
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	References:		References:
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytale''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytale''
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallel_Lives''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallel_Lives''
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysanderScytale''		:: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysanderScytale''

	=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===		=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===

Klae0010: /* Scytale */

2012-04-25T01:55:57Z

Scytale

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:55, 25 April 2012
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	=== '''Scytale''' ===		=== '''Scytale''' ===
	: One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).		:One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).
	~~: The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the~~
	~~:references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,~~
	~~:essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about~~
	~~:the Spartan General Lysander and how he communicated with his army.~~

	~~::Plutarch goes into detail~~ on just how this method ~~works~~..~~As shown~~ in ~~this quote from~~ the ~~aforementioned volume,~~		The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the
			references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,
			essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about
			the Spartan General Lysander and how he communicated with his army.

	~~:::~~“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of		Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,
	~~:::~~wood exactly alike in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, while
	~~:::~~they give the other to their envoy. These pieces of wood they call scytalae. Whenever, then, they wish to send some secret and		<blockquote><i>“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of
	~~:::~~important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their scytale, leaving no		wood exactly alike in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, while
	~~:::~~vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the		they give the other to their envoy. These pieces of wood they call scytalae. Whenever, then, they wish to send some secret and
	~~:::~~parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the scytale; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off and send		important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their scytale, leaving no
	~~:::~~it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,--since the		vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the
	~~:::~~letters have no connection, but are disarranged,--unless he takes his own scytale and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that,		parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the scytale; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off and send
	~~:::~~when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and		it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,--since the
	~~:::~~so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name		letters have no connection, but are disarranged,--unless he takes his own scytale and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that,
	~~:::~~of the measure.” —Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.		when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and
			so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name
			of the measure.” </i></blockquote> —Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.

Klae0010: /* Scytale */

2012-04-25T01:36:57Z

Scytale

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:36, 25 April 2012
Line 2:		Line 2:

	=== '''Scytale''' ===		=== '''Scytale''' ===
	::One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).		: One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).
	::The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the		: The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the
	:references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,		:references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,
	:essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about		:essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about
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	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallel_Lives''		:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#Parallel_Lives''
	:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysanderScytale''		:::: ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LysanderScytale''



	=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===		=== '''Caesar Wheel'''===

Klae0010 at 01:36, 25 April 2012

2012-04-25T01:36:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:36, 25 April 2012
Line 3:		Line 3:
	=== '''Scytale''' ===		=== '''Scytale''' ===
	::One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).		::One of the earliest forms of Cryptography is the scytale. (sounds like “Italy” in pronunciation).
	The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer, essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about the Spartan General Lysander and how he communicated with his army.		::The earliest known reference to this type of coded message dates back to the 7th Century B.C. Though it was mentioned that early, the
			:references did not make clear on just how this method of cryptography worked. That is until Plutarch (a Greek historian, biographer,
			:essayist who lived approx 46-120 A.D.) explained the method in his books “Parallel Lives”, in particular Volume 19 which talked about
			:the Spartan General Lysander and how he communicated with his army.

	Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,		::Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,

	:::“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of		:::“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of

Klae0010 at 01:35, 25 April 2012

2012-04-25T01:35:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:35, 25 April 2012
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	Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,		Plutarch goes into detail on just how this method works..As shown in this quote from the aforementioned volume,

	“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of wood exactly alike in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, while they give the other to their envoy. These pieces of wood they call scytalae. Whenever, then, they wish to send some secret and important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their scytale, leaving no vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the scytale; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off and send it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,--since the letters have no connection, but are disarranged,--unless he takes his own scytale and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that, when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name of the measure.” —Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.		:::“The dispatch-scroll is of the following character. When the ephors send out an admiral or a general, they make two round pieces of
			:::wood exactly alike in length and thickness, so that each corresponds to the other in its dimensions, and keep one themselves, while
			:::they give the other to their envoy. These pieces of wood they call scytalae. Whenever, then, they wish to send some secret and
			:::important message, they make a scroll of parchment long and narrow, like a leathern strap, and wind it round their scytale, leaving no
			:::vacant space thereon, but covering its surface all round with the parchment. After doing this, they write what they wish on the
			:::parchment, just as it lies wrapped about the scytale; and when they have written their message, they take the parchment off and send
			:::it, without the piece of wood, to the commander. He, when he has received it, cannot otherwise get any meaning out of it,--since the
			:::letters have no connection, but are disarranged,--unless he takes his own scytale and winds the strip of parchment about it, so that,
			:::when its spiral course is restored perfectly, and that which follows is joined to that which precedes, he reads around the staff, and
			:::so discovers the continuity of the message. And the parchment, like the staff, is called scytale, as the thing measured bears the name
			:::of the measure.” —Plutarch, Lives (Lysander 19), ed. Bernadotte Perrin.


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	For example..		For example..

	” If he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is, by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet, that not a word could be made out. “If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter of the alphabet, namely D, for A, and so with the others.”		:::” If he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is, by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet,
	—Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar		:::that not a word could be made out. “If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter
			:::of the alphabet, namely D, for A, and so with the others.” —Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar

	This is the easiest of the substitution ciphers. For example , it can be easily reverse engineered without having to know the key used. You’d just have to know the frequency of letters used in the language you. For example, in English if you know that “E” ,“T” and “A” were the most used letters in the alphabet you’d be well on your way to breaking the code.		This is the easiest of the substitution ciphers. For example , it can be easily reverse engineered without having to know the key used. You’d just have to know the frequency of letters used in the language you. For example, in English if you know that “E” ,“T” and “A” were the most used letters in the alphabet you’d be well on your way to breaking the code.