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		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4288</id>
		<title>CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4288"/>
		<updated>2011-03-27T23:22:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: /* Chapter 8 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Chapter 8 =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Network Hardware Configuration ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-The most basic part of network configuration is getting the network hardware up and running. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Most of the time that is a fairly automatic task since most systems ship with startup scripts that auto-detect the ::network card and loads the correct driver module.&lt;br /&gt;
::-If the network hardware is not detected subsequent configuration will not work. You will need to load your network ::hardware driver. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You will use the modprobe command. You must know the name of the networks hardware kernel module.&lt;br /&gt;
::	# modprobe &amp;lt;insert kernel name here&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
== Configuring with DHCP==&lt;br /&gt;
::-One of the most easy ways to configure a computer to use a TCP/IP network is to use DHCP.  This allows one computer on ::a network to manage the settings for many other computers.&lt;br /&gt;
::-When a computer running a DHCP client boots up it send out a broadcast looking for a DHCP server. The server then ::replies with the configuration information needed by the client to communicate with the computers on the network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Linux has three common DHCP clients.&lt;br /&gt;
:::	pump&lt;br /&gt;
:::	dhclient &lt;br /&gt;
:::	dhcpcd &lt;br /&gt;
::-Some distributions ship with one of these but others ship with two or all three. They will all have a default DHCP ::client, that is installed when you tell the system you want to use DHCP at the installation.&lt;br /&gt;
::-On systems that ship with more then one DHCP client you can swap one out for another by removing the old client and ::installing the package for the new one.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The DHCP client runs at system bootup and is handled by its own SysV startup file or as part of the main network ::configuration startup file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This SysV file is typically named networking or network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The system uses a line in a configuration file to determine whether to run a DHCP client. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Red Hat and Fedora set this option in a file called /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 (the filename will be ::different if something other than a single Ethernet interface is used)&lt;br /&gt;
::-The line in question looks like this: BOOTPROTO=dhcp &lt;br /&gt;
::-If the BOOTPROTO variable is set to something different changing to the above line will set the system to use DHCP.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Ubuntu uses the /etc/network/interfaces file for a similar purpose but the details differ.  &lt;br /&gt;
::-On a system that uses DHCP you will see a line like: iface eth0 inet dhcp&lt;br /&gt;
::-You may prefer to use the GUI system to adjust these options.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Once the DHCP client is configured to run when the system boots the configuration task is complete.  On rare occasions ::you may need to tweak the DHCP settings to work around client/server incompatibilities.&lt;br /&gt;
::-If you have to manually run a DHCP client you can do so by typing its name (as root) followed by a network identifier ::such as: dhclient eth0 to have the DHCP client attempt to configure eth0 with the help of any DHCP server it find on the &lt;br /&gt;
::network.&lt;br /&gt;
== Configure with a Static IP Address ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-When a network lacks a DHCP server you will need to provide basic network configuration options manually.  &lt;br /&gt;
::-These options can be set using interactive commands but to sent them long term you need to adjust a configuration file ::such as:&lt;br /&gt;
::/etc/sysconfig/ network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0  or /etc/network/interfaces&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-IP address: You can set the IP address manually with the ifconfig command or at the IPADDR line in the configuration ::file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Network mask: You can set the netmask manually with the ifconfig command or at the NETMASK line in the configuration ::file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Gateway address: You can manually set the gateway via the route command. To make it permanent you need to adjust the ::configuration file. This file may be the same that holds other options or another file such as: /etc/sysconfig/&lt;br /&gt;
::network/routes and is most likely called GATEWAY.&lt;br /&gt;
::-DNS settings: In order for Linux to use DNS to translate between IP addresses and hostnames you must specify at least ::one DNS server in the /etc/resolv.config file. Adjusting this file is all you need to do to set the name server address.&lt;br /&gt;
::-You can also set your computers local domain name in this file using the domain option: domain &amp;lt;name of the domain you ::want to use&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
::-The network configuration script may hold other options such as:&lt;br /&gt;
::DEVICE=eth0 to specify the interface name&lt;br /&gt;
::BOOTPROTO=static to assign a static IP address&lt;br /&gt;
::ONBOOT=yes to bring up an interface when the system boots&lt;br /&gt;
::NETWORK and BROADCAST are derived from the IPADDR and NETMASK and can be changed if you understand the consequences of ::doing so.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This command will bring up eth0 using address 192.168.29.39 and netmask 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;
::# ifconfig etho up 192.168.29.39 netmask 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;
::-This command links the specified address to the card so that the computer responds to the address and claims to be that ::address when sending data.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Both ifconfig and route can display information on the current network configuration.&lt;br /&gt;
::-For ifconfig, omit up and everything that follows; for route, omit add everything that follows.&lt;br /&gt;
::-To view the interface you may use this command: # ifconfig eth0&lt;br /&gt;
::-When configured correctly ifconfig should show a hardware address an IP address and some other statistics.&lt;br /&gt;
== Configuring Routing ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Routers pass traffic from one network to another. You give the computer a routers address which your system uses as a ::gateway to the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Any traffic not directed to the network is directed to the router which then sends it on to it’s destination. Every ::router has a list of rules concerning where to send data based on the destination IP address. &lt;br /&gt;
::-The –net and –host force route to interpret the target as a network or computer address, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Netmask lets you set a netmask as you desire and gw lets you specify a router through which packets to the specified ::target should go.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The reject keyword installs a blocking route , which refuses all traffic destined for the specific network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Incorrect routing tables can cause serious problems causing some or all computers on the network not to respond. You ::can use route alone to compare the results to what your routing table should be. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifup command bring the interface up&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifdown command bring the interface down&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example of ifup/ifdown *(pag.408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::“ifup eth0” &lt;br /&gt;
::–bring up the interface eth0“ifdown eth0”.&lt;br /&gt;
::–bring down the interface eth0- useful to quickly to take down a interface or &lt;br /&gt;
::bring it up, because you do not need to remember all the detail of the IP &lt;br /&gt;
::address, route and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Hostnames *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::There are 2 way to configure the hostname&lt;br /&gt;
::-On DNS&lt;br /&gt;
::-On you local computer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domain Name System (DNS) *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- “is a distributed database computers that converts between IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::hostnames”.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The DNS server just sit and listen for other computers on the network to send &lt;br /&gt;
::request.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The server then send the request out to other DNS server if it cannot find it &lt;br /&gt;
::in it cache.&lt;br /&gt;
::- If the server found what the request is asking for then it will send a request&lt;br /&gt;
::back to the computer telling it where to go.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Diagnosing Network Connections *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- There are a few command that will help diagnose a problem.&lt;br /&gt;
::- They are ping, traceroute, tracepath, netstat, and tcpdump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ping command *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
:- The ping command is a very basic network test, which send ICMP packet to the &lt;br /&gt;
:system you name, hostnames, or ip address and wait for a reply&lt;br /&gt;
:- In Linux it send the packet every second until you press Ctrl+C key to stop &lt;br /&gt;
:the stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Traceroute command *(pg. 412-413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command will sends a series of three test packets to each computer &lt;br /&gt;
::between your system and a specified target system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tracepath command *(pg. 413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command is a lot similar to traceroute&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Checking Network Status ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-A useful diagnostic tool is Netstat&lt;br /&gt;
::-Netstat can be used in place of many other tools.&lt;br /&gt;
::-It also shows information that is not easily found in other ways.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Netstat options  ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Interface information: use netstat –interface or -i parameter to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::network interfaces. This is similar to what ifconfig command displays &lt;br /&gt;
::-Routing information: use netstat –route or -r parameter to see the routing table. This &lt;br /&gt;
::output is similar to what the route command shows&lt;br /&gt;
::-Masquerade information: use netstat –masquerade or –M to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::connections mediated by Linux’s NAT features . This is a good way to stretch limited &lt;br /&gt;
::IPv4 addresses. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Program use: use netstat –program or –p parameter to show information about programs that &lt;br /&gt;
::are using network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
::-All connections: use netstat –all or –a parameter to display information about the ports &lt;br /&gt;
::that server programs open to listen for network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Advanced network troubleshooting tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-tcpdump is a packet sniffer that intercepts network packets and log them on the screen.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Useful tool to verify that computer is receiving data from other computers &lt;br /&gt;
::-This is also useful to examine the data in its raw form, which can be helpful if you &lt;br /&gt;
::-understand protocols implementation details allowing you to spot problems. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Be aware that packet sniffers can be used by individuals to capture passwords sent over &lt;br /&gt;
::the network. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You must use tcpdump in root mode. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once you enter tcpdump it summarizes what it is doing and prints lines, one for each packet &lt;br /&gt;
::it monitors. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Lines consist of time stamps, stack identifiers, origin system name, IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::port, destination system name and packet-specific information. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once tcpdump starts it dose not stop so you must press Ctrl+C to terminate it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump options ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- A: displays packet contents in ASCII&lt;br /&gt;
::- D: Displays a list of interfaces tcpdump can listen to. &lt;br /&gt;
::- n: Shows all addresses numerically.&lt;br /&gt;
::- v: Shows additional packet information. &lt;br /&gt;
::- w file: Used to write captured packets to the specified file. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You could consult tcpdump’s man page for details and for additional options.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Additional Networking Tools ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Other than networking diagnostic programs you could use some common programs as debugging tools. &lt;br /&gt;
::-One of the most helpful tools may be Telnet a program and protocol tool that is mainly used as &lt;br /&gt;
::a remote login tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Telnet is considered a poor choice as a remote login protocol due to the fact that it &lt;br /&gt;
::is entirely unencrypted. &lt;br /&gt;
::-A good rule to follow is that you should remove Telnet server from your system and never use &lt;br /&gt;
::the telnet client program. SSH is a safer alternative to Telnet described in chapter 10.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-If you include a port number after the remote hostname, the program connects to the &lt;br /&gt;
::specified port allowing you to interact with the server. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use telnet this way you must know a lot of information about the protocol. Without &lt;br /&gt;
::the knowledge of the protocol you can still use Telnet to test if a server is running or not. &lt;br /&gt;
::-If you try to connect and get a connection refused error message you know that a remote &lt;br /&gt;
::server is not running or is inaccessible. (This may be because a firewall is blocking &lt;br /&gt;
::the connection)&lt;br /&gt;
::-If the result is Escape character this means that the server is running, even though it &lt;br /&gt;
::could not be working correctly.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This test only works for protocols that us TCP. UDP tools will not connect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols continued ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Sometimes File Transfer Protocols (FTP) can be a helpful tool.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This program allows you to transfer files between systems, as its name suggests. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use this tool type the program name followed by the FTP servers name, which will then &lt;br /&gt;
::show you a login prompt, allowing you to issue FTP commands.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4287</id>
		<title>CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4287"/>
		<updated>2011-03-27T23:21:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: /* Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==== Chapter 8 ====&lt;br /&gt;
== Network Hardware Configuration ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-The most basic part of network configuration is getting the network hardware up and running. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Most of the time that is a fairly automatic task since most systems ship with startup scripts that auto-detect the ::network card and loads the correct driver module.&lt;br /&gt;
::-If the network hardware is not detected subsequent configuration will not work. You will need to load your network ::hardware driver. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You will use the modprobe command. You must know the name of the networks hardware kernel module.&lt;br /&gt;
::	# modprobe &amp;lt;insert kernel name here&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
== Configuring with DHCP==&lt;br /&gt;
::-One of the most easy ways to configure a computer to use a TCP/IP network is to use DHCP.  This allows one computer on ::a network to manage the settings for many other computers.&lt;br /&gt;
::-When a computer running a DHCP client boots up it send out a broadcast looking for a DHCP server. The server then ::replies with the configuration information needed by the client to communicate with the computers on the network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Linux has three common DHCP clients.&lt;br /&gt;
:::	pump&lt;br /&gt;
:::	dhclient &lt;br /&gt;
:::	dhcpcd &lt;br /&gt;
::-Some distributions ship with one of these but others ship with two or all three. They will all have a default DHCP ::client, that is installed when you tell the system you want to use DHCP at the installation.&lt;br /&gt;
::-On systems that ship with more then one DHCP client you can swap one out for another by removing the old client and ::installing the package for the new one.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The DHCP client runs at system bootup and is handled by its own SysV startup file or as part of the main network ::configuration startup file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This SysV file is typically named networking or network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The system uses a line in a configuration file to determine whether to run a DHCP client. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Red Hat and Fedora set this option in a file called /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 (the filename will be ::different if something other than a single Ethernet interface is used)&lt;br /&gt;
::-The line in question looks like this: BOOTPROTO=dhcp &lt;br /&gt;
::-If the BOOTPROTO variable is set to something different changing to the above line will set the system to use DHCP.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Ubuntu uses the /etc/network/interfaces file for a similar purpose but the details differ.  &lt;br /&gt;
::-On a system that uses DHCP you will see a line like: iface eth0 inet dhcp&lt;br /&gt;
::-You may prefer to use the GUI system to adjust these options.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Once the DHCP client is configured to run when the system boots the configuration task is complete.  On rare occasions ::you may need to tweak the DHCP settings to work around client/server incompatibilities.&lt;br /&gt;
::-If you have to manually run a DHCP client you can do so by typing its name (as root) followed by a network identifier ::such as: dhclient eth0 to have the DHCP client attempt to configure eth0 with the help of any DHCP server it find on the &lt;br /&gt;
::network.&lt;br /&gt;
== Configure with a Static IP Address ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-When a network lacks a DHCP server you will need to provide basic network configuration options manually.  &lt;br /&gt;
::-These options can be set using interactive commands but to sent them long term you need to adjust a configuration file ::such as:&lt;br /&gt;
::/etc/sysconfig/ network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0  or /etc/network/interfaces&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-IP address: You can set the IP address manually with the ifconfig command or at the IPADDR line in the configuration ::file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Network mask: You can set the netmask manually with the ifconfig command or at the NETMASK line in the configuration ::file.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Gateway address: You can manually set the gateway via the route command. To make it permanent you need to adjust the ::configuration file. This file may be the same that holds other options or another file such as: /etc/sysconfig/&lt;br /&gt;
::network/routes and is most likely called GATEWAY.&lt;br /&gt;
::-DNS settings: In order for Linux to use DNS to translate between IP addresses and hostnames you must specify at least ::one DNS server in the /etc/resolv.config file. Adjusting this file is all you need to do to set the name server address.&lt;br /&gt;
::-You can also set your computers local domain name in this file using the domain option: domain &amp;lt;name of the domain you ::want to use&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
::-The network configuration script may hold other options such as:&lt;br /&gt;
::DEVICE=eth0 to specify the interface name&lt;br /&gt;
::BOOTPROTO=static to assign a static IP address&lt;br /&gt;
::ONBOOT=yes to bring up an interface when the system boots&lt;br /&gt;
::NETWORK and BROADCAST are derived from the IPADDR and NETMASK and can be changed if you understand the consequences of ::doing so.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This command will bring up eth0 using address 192.168.29.39 and netmask 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;
::# ifconfig etho up 192.168.29.39 netmask 255.255.255.0&lt;br /&gt;
::-This command links the specified address to the card so that the computer responds to the address and claims to be that ::address when sending data.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Both ifconfig and route can display information on the current network configuration.&lt;br /&gt;
::-For ifconfig, omit up and everything that follows; for route, omit add everything that follows.&lt;br /&gt;
::-To view the interface you may use this command: # ifconfig eth0&lt;br /&gt;
::-When configured correctly ifconfig should show a hardware address an IP address and some other statistics.&lt;br /&gt;
== Configuring Routing ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Routers pass traffic from one network to another. You give the computer a routers address which your system uses as a ::gateway to the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Any traffic not directed to the network is directed to the router which then sends it on to it’s destination. Every ::router has a list of rules concerning where to send data based on the destination IP address. &lt;br /&gt;
::-The –net and –host force route to interpret the target as a network or computer address, respectively. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Netmask lets you set a netmask as you desire and gw lets you specify a router through which packets to the specified ::target should go.&lt;br /&gt;
::-The reject keyword installs a blocking route , which refuses all traffic destined for the specific network.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Incorrect routing tables can cause serious problems causing some or all computers on the network not to respond. You ::can use route alone to compare the results to what your routing table should be. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifup command bring the interface up&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifdown command bring the interface down&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example of ifup/ifdown *(pag.408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::“ifup eth0” &lt;br /&gt;
::–bring up the interface eth0“ifdown eth0”.&lt;br /&gt;
::–bring down the interface eth0- useful to quickly to take down a interface or &lt;br /&gt;
::bring it up, because you do not need to remember all the detail of the IP &lt;br /&gt;
::address, route and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Hostnames *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::There are 2 way to configure the hostname&lt;br /&gt;
::-On DNS&lt;br /&gt;
::-On you local computer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domain Name System (DNS) *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- “is a distributed database computers that converts between IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::hostnames”.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The DNS server just sit and listen for other computers on the network to send &lt;br /&gt;
::request.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The server then send the request out to other DNS server if it cannot find it &lt;br /&gt;
::in it cache.&lt;br /&gt;
::- If the server found what the request is asking for then it will send a request&lt;br /&gt;
::back to the computer telling it where to go.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Diagnosing Network Connections *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- There are a few command that will help diagnose a problem.&lt;br /&gt;
::- They are ping, traceroute, tracepath, netstat, and tcpdump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ping command *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
:- The ping command is a very basic network test, which send ICMP packet to the &lt;br /&gt;
:system you name, hostnames, or ip address and wait for a reply&lt;br /&gt;
:- In Linux it send the packet every second until you press Ctrl+C key to stop &lt;br /&gt;
:the stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Traceroute command *(pg. 412-413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command will sends a series of three test packets to each computer &lt;br /&gt;
::between your system and a specified target system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tracepath command *(pg. 413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command is a lot similar to traceroute&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Checking Network Status ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-A useful diagnostic tool is Netstat&lt;br /&gt;
::-Netstat can be used in place of many other tools.&lt;br /&gt;
::-It also shows information that is not easily found in other ways.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Netstat options  ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Interface information: use netstat –interface or -i parameter to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::network interfaces. This is similar to what ifconfig command displays &lt;br /&gt;
::-Routing information: use netstat –route or -r parameter to see the routing table. This &lt;br /&gt;
::output is similar to what the route command shows&lt;br /&gt;
::-Masquerade information: use netstat –masquerade or –M to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::connections mediated by Linux’s NAT features . This is a good way to stretch limited &lt;br /&gt;
::IPv4 addresses. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Program use: use netstat –program or –p parameter to show information about programs that &lt;br /&gt;
::are using network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
::-All connections: use netstat –all or –a parameter to display information about the ports &lt;br /&gt;
::that server programs open to listen for network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Advanced network troubleshooting tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-tcpdump is a packet sniffer that intercepts network packets and log them on the screen.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Useful tool to verify that computer is receiving data from other computers &lt;br /&gt;
::-This is also useful to examine the data in its raw form, which can be helpful if you &lt;br /&gt;
::-understand protocols implementation details allowing you to spot problems. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Be aware that packet sniffers can be used by individuals to capture passwords sent over &lt;br /&gt;
::the network. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You must use tcpdump in root mode. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once you enter tcpdump it summarizes what it is doing and prints lines, one for each packet &lt;br /&gt;
::it monitors. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Lines consist of time stamps, stack identifiers, origin system name, IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::port, destination system name and packet-specific information. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once tcpdump starts it dose not stop so you must press Ctrl+C to terminate it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump options ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- A: displays packet contents in ASCII&lt;br /&gt;
::- D: Displays a list of interfaces tcpdump can listen to. &lt;br /&gt;
::- n: Shows all addresses numerically.&lt;br /&gt;
::- v: Shows additional packet information. &lt;br /&gt;
::- w file: Used to write captured packets to the specified file. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You could consult tcpdump’s man page for details and for additional options.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Additional Networking Tools ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Other than networking diagnostic programs you could use some common programs as debugging tools. &lt;br /&gt;
::-One of the most helpful tools may be Telnet a program and protocol tool that is mainly used as &lt;br /&gt;
::a remote login tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Telnet is considered a poor choice as a remote login protocol due to the fact that it &lt;br /&gt;
::is entirely unencrypted. &lt;br /&gt;
::-A good rule to follow is that you should remove Telnet server from your system and never use &lt;br /&gt;
::the telnet client program. SSH is a safer alternative to Telnet described in chapter 10.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-If you include a port number after the remote hostname, the program connects to the &lt;br /&gt;
::specified port allowing you to interact with the server. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use telnet this way you must know a lot of information about the protocol. Without &lt;br /&gt;
::the knowledge of the protocol you can still use Telnet to test if a server is running or not. &lt;br /&gt;
::-If you try to connect and get a connection refused error message you know that a remote &lt;br /&gt;
::server is not running or is inaccessible. (This may be because a firewall is blocking &lt;br /&gt;
::the connection)&lt;br /&gt;
::-If the result is Escape character this means that the server is running, even though it &lt;br /&gt;
::could not be working correctly.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This test only works for protocols that us TCP. UDP tools will not connect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols continued ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Sometimes File Transfer Protocols (FTP) can be a helpful tool.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This program allows you to transfer files between systems, as its name suggests. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use this tool type the program name followed by the FTP servers name, which will then &lt;br /&gt;
::show you a login prompt, allowing you to issue FTP commands.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4285</id>
		<title>CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4285"/>
		<updated>2011-03-24T22:12:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: /* Tracepath command *(pg. 413) */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifup command bring the interface up&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifdown command bring the interface down&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example of ifup/ifdown *(pag.408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::“ifup eth0” &lt;br /&gt;
::–bring up the interface eth0“ifdown eth0”.&lt;br /&gt;
::–bring down the interface eth0- useful to quickly to take down a interface or &lt;br /&gt;
::bring it up, because you do not need to remember all the detail of the IP &lt;br /&gt;
::address, route and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Hostnames *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::There are 2 way to configure the hostname&lt;br /&gt;
::-On DNS&lt;br /&gt;
::-On you local computer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domain Name System (DNS) *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- “is a distributed database computers that converts between IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::hostnames”.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The DNS server just sit and listen for other computers on the network to send &lt;br /&gt;
::request.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The server then send the request out to other DNS server if it cannot find it &lt;br /&gt;
::in it cache.&lt;br /&gt;
::- If the server found what the request is asking for then it will send a request&lt;br /&gt;
::back to the computer telling it where to go.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Diagnosing Network Connections *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- There are a few command that will help diagnose a problem.&lt;br /&gt;
::- They are ping, traceroute, tracepath, netstat, and tcpdump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ping command *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
:- The ping command is a very basic network test, which send ICMP packet to the &lt;br /&gt;
:system you name, hostnames, or ip address and wait for a reply&lt;br /&gt;
:- In Linux it send the packet every second until you press Ctrl+C key to stop &lt;br /&gt;
:the stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Traceroute command *(pg. 412-413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command will sends a series of three test packets to each computer &lt;br /&gt;
::between your system and a specified target system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tracepath command *(pg. 413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command is a lot similar to traceroute&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Checking Network Status ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-A useful diagnostic tool is Netstat&lt;br /&gt;
::-Netstat can be used in place of many other tools.&lt;br /&gt;
::-It also shows information that is not easily found in other ways.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Netstat options  ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Interface information: use netstat –interface or -i parameter to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::network interfaces. This is similar to what ifconfig command displays &lt;br /&gt;
::-Routing information: use netstat –route or -r parameter to see the routing table. This &lt;br /&gt;
::output is similar to what the route command shows&lt;br /&gt;
::-Masquerade information: use netstat –masquerade or –M to see information about &lt;br /&gt;
::connections mediated by Linux’s NAT features . This is a good way to stretch limited &lt;br /&gt;
::IPv4 addresses. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Program use: use netstat –program or –p parameter to show information about programs that &lt;br /&gt;
::are using network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
::-All connections: use netstat –all or –a parameter to display information about the ports &lt;br /&gt;
::that server programs open to listen for network connections. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Advanced network troubleshooting tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-tcpdump is a packet sniffer that intercepts network packets and log them on the screen.&lt;br /&gt;
::-Useful tool to verify that computer is receiving data from other computers &lt;br /&gt;
::-This is also useful to examine the data in its raw form, which can be helpful if you &lt;br /&gt;
::-understand protocols implementation details allowing you to spot problems. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Be aware that packet sniffers can be used by individuals to capture passwords sent over &lt;br /&gt;
::the network. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You must use tcpdump in root mode. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once you enter tcpdump it summarizes what it is doing and prints lines, one for each packet &lt;br /&gt;
::it monitors. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Lines consist of time stamps, stack identifiers, origin system name, IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::port, destination system name and packet-specific information. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Once tcpdump starts it dose not stop so you must press Ctrl+C to terminate it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== tcpdump options ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- A: displays packet contents in ASCII&lt;br /&gt;
::- D: Displays a list of interfaces tcpdump can listen to. &lt;br /&gt;
::- n: Shows all addresses numerically.&lt;br /&gt;
::- v: Shows additional packet information. &lt;br /&gt;
::- w file: Used to write captured packets to the specified file. &lt;br /&gt;
::-You could consult tcpdump’s man page for details and for additional options.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Additional Networking Tools ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Other than networking diagnostic programs you could use some common programs as debugging tools. &lt;br /&gt;
::-One of the most helpful tools may be Telnet a program and protocol tool that is mainly used as &lt;br /&gt;
::a remote login tool. &lt;br /&gt;
::-Telnet is considered a poor choice as a remote login protocol due to the fact that it &lt;br /&gt;
::is entirely unencrypted. &lt;br /&gt;
::-A good rule to follow is that you should remove Telnet server from your system and never use &lt;br /&gt;
::the telnet client program. SSH is a safer alternative to Telnet described in chapter 10.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-If you include a port number after the remote hostname, the program connects to the &lt;br /&gt;
::specified port allowing you to interact with the server. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use telnet this way you must know a lot of information about the protocol. Without &lt;br /&gt;
::the knowledge of the protocol you can still use Telnet to test if a server is running or not. &lt;br /&gt;
::-If you try to connect and get a connection refused error message you know that a remote &lt;br /&gt;
::server is not running or is inaccessible. (This may be because a firewall is blocking &lt;br /&gt;
::the connection)&lt;br /&gt;
::-If the result is Escape character this means that the server is running, even though it &lt;br /&gt;
::could not be working correctly.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This test only works for protocols that us TCP. UDP tools will not connect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using Telnet to Debug Network Protocols continued ==&lt;br /&gt;
::-Sometimes File Transfer Protocols (FTP) can be a helpful tool.&lt;br /&gt;
::-This program allows you to transfer files between systems, as its name suggests. &lt;br /&gt;
::-To use this tool type the program name followed by the FTP servers name, which will then &lt;br /&gt;
::show you a login prompt, allowing you to issue FTP commands.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4273</id>
		<title>CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=CNT-2311-Chapter_8_Notes&amp;diff=4273"/>
		<updated>2011-03-23T19:55:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: Created page with &amp;quot;== Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) ==  ::-The ifup command bring the interface up ::-The ifdown command bring the interface down  == Example of ifup/ifdown *(pag.408) == ::“...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Ifup and ifdown command *(pg. 408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifup command bring the interface up&lt;br /&gt;
::-The ifdown command bring the interface down&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example of ifup/ifdown *(pag.408) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::“ifup eth0” &lt;br /&gt;
::–bring up the interface eth0“ifdown eth0”.&lt;br /&gt;
::–bring down the interface eth0- useful to quickly to take down a interface or &lt;br /&gt;
::bring it up, because you do not need to remember all the detail of the IP &lt;br /&gt;
::address, route and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Hostnames *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::There are 2 way to configure the hostname&lt;br /&gt;
::-On DNS&lt;br /&gt;
::-On you local computer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domain Name System (DNS) *(pg. 409) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- “is a distributed database computers that converts between IP addresses and &lt;br /&gt;
::hostnames”.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The DNS server just sit and listen for other computers on the network to send &lt;br /&gt;
::request.&lt;br /&gt;
::- The server then send the request out to other DNS server if it cannot find it &lt;br /&gt;
::in it cache.&lt;br /&gt;
::- If the server found what the request is asking for then it will send a request&lt;br /&gt;
::back to the computer telling it where to go.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Diagnosing Network Connections *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- There are a few command that will help diagnose a problem.&lt;br /&gt;
::- They are ping, traceroute, tracepath, netstat, and tcpdump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ping command *(pg. 412) ==&lt;br /&gt;
:- The ping command is a very basic network test, which send ICMP packet to the &lt;br /&gt;
:system you name, hostnames, or ip address and wait for a reply&lt;br /&gt;
:- In Linux it send the packet every second until you press Ctrl+C key to stop &lt;br /&gt;
:the stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Traceroute command *(pg. 412-413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command will sends a series of three test packets to each computer &lt;br /&gt;
::between your system and a specified target system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tracepath command *(pg. 413) ==&lt;br /&gt;
::- This command is a lot similar to traceroute&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=Franske_CNT-2311&amp;diff=4272</id>
		<title>Franske CNT-2311</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=Franske_CNT-2311&amp;diff=4272"/>
		<updated>2011-03-23T19:47:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: /* Chapter Project Notes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is the homepage for the CNT-2311 classes taught by Dr. Ben Franske.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General Course Information ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://spreadsheets.google.com/a/ihcnt.net/viewform?formkey=dDlkdms5VDhkSktkTHRVaVNoVDh0UlE6MQ First Day Sign In Form]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Syllabus|Course Syllabus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP11 Schedule|Spring 2011 Course Schedule]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Chapter Project SP11 Groups|Spring 2011 Chapter Project Groups]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Labs|Lab List]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Chapter Project Assignment|Chapter Project Assignment]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske Lab Report Format|Lab Report Format]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Chapter Project Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 2 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 3 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 4 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 5 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Projects ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dual Booting Ubuntu and Windows 7]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GUID Partiton Table]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux VLAN Trunking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Installing Webmin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nat Masquerading and Firewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Control Web Access With Squid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Installing MyBB Forum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[openvpn]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zoneminder]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Understanding Linux Permission Sets]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP10 Commands|Spring 2010 Commands by Session]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Converting VMWare .vmdk To VirtualBox .vdi Using Qemu+ and VBoxManage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux command guide]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Windows File Sharing and Printer Sharing with SAMBA]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[How to Setup NAT]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux-command-list]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Resources ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Writing Moodle Questions]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Editing Moodle Questions]]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.virtualbox.org Virtualbox]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[VirtualBox Startup Script]]&lt;br /&gt;
===Regular Expressions, Grep and SED===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm Regular Expressions - A Simple User Guide]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linuxreviews.org/beginner/tao_of_regular_expressions Tao of Regular Expressions]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Major Linux Distributions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debian.org Debian]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.redhat.com Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://centos.org CentOS]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://fedoraproject.org Fedora]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gentoo.org Gentoo]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.opensuse.org OpenSUSE (Novell)]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Online Linux Tutuorials ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.linux.org/lessons/beginner Beginning Linux from Linux.org]&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostfixBasicSetupHowto Postfix Basic Setup]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=Franske_CNT-2311&amp;diff=4271</id>
		<title>Franske CNT-2311</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.ihitc.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=Franske_CNT-2311&amp;diff=4271"/>
		<updated>2011-03-23T19:47:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vang3636: /* Chapter Project Notes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is the homepage for the CNT-2311 classes taught by Dr. Ben Franske.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== General Course Information ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://spreadsheets.google.com/a/ihcnt.net/viewform?formkey=dDlkdms5VDhkSktkTHRVaVNoVDh0UlE6MQ First Day Sign In Form]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Syllabus|Course Syllabus]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP11 Schedule|Spring 2011 Course Schedule]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Chapter Project SP11 Groups|Spring 2011 Chapter Project Groups]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Labs|Lab List]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Chapter Project Assignment|Chapter Project Assignment]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske Lab Report Format|Lab Report Format]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Chapter Project Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 2 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 3 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 4 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 5 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 6 Notes]] &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Projects ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dual Booting Ubuntu and Windows 7]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[GUID Partiton Table]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux VLAN Trunking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Installing Webmin]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nat Masquerading and Firewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Control Web Access With Squid]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Installing MyBB Forum]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[openvpn]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Zoneminder]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Understanding Linux Permission Sets]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP10 Commands|Spring 2010 Commands by Session]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Converting VMWare .vmdk To VirtualBox .vdi Using Qemu+ and VBoxManage]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux command guide]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Windows File Sharing and Printer Sharing with SAMBA]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[How to Setup NAT]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux-command-list]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Resources ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Writing Moodle Questions]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Editing Moodle Questions]]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Software ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.virtualbox.org Virtualbox]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[VirtualBox Startup Script]]&lt;br /&gt;
===Regular Expressions, Grep and SED===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm Regular Expressions - A Simple User Guide]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linuxreviews.org/beginner/tao_of_regular_expressions Tao of Regular Expressions]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Major Linux Distributions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debian.org Debian]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.redhat.com Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://centos.org CentOS]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://fedoraproject.org Fedora]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gentoo.org Gentoo]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.opensuse.org OpenSUSE (Novell)]&lt;br /&gt;
=== Online Linux Tutuorials ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.linux.org/lessons/beginner Beginning Linux from Linux.org]&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostfixBasicSetupHowto Postfix Basic Setup]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vang3636</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>