ITCwiki - User contributions [en]

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-02-02T19:16:14Z

Tryder: /* Search files for regular expressions using grep (Global Regular Expressions) */

==CNT-2311-Chapter 3==
Exploring Linux Filesystems

==Objectives==
*Comparison of Windows and Linux filesystems
*Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames
*Types of files
*View filenames and file types
*Use shell wildcards
*Display contents of files
*Search files for regular expressions using grep
*Use vi to modify text files
*Alternatives to vi
*File Hierarchy

==Comparison of Windows v. Linux filesystems==
====Windows File System Attributes====
*Directory structure - volume based, drive letters assigned at boot
*Can not natievly read linux file system
*c:\ is root directory
*"\" is the file seperator = c:\logman.exe
*file names are not case sensitive
* have hidden files
====Linux File System Attributes====
*unified directory structure - single rood directory
*every directory is a sub-directory of /
*Drives and directories must be mounted to be seen
*Can read FAT, NTFS, EXT2,3,4 SQUASHFS, lsofs, sysfs, procfs file systems
*"/" is the file separator = /home/randy/documents/test.txt
*file names are case sensitive
*hidden files start with "."

Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames

start in home dir

use ~ to reference home directories

present dir = pwd

/home/randy/

change dir = cd

cd /etc - change directory to /etc

relative path name = path to the file in relation to the current working directory

".." references the next higher up dir

tab-completion!

====Supported File Systems====
Linux supports numerous file system types
Ext2: This is like UNIX file system. It has the concepts of blocks, inodes and directories.
Ext3: It is ext2 filesystem enhanced with journaling capabilities. Journaling allows fast file system recovery. Supports POSIX ACL (Access Control Lists).
Isofs (iso9660): Used by CDROM file system.
Sysfs: It is a ram-based filesystem initially based on ramfs. It is use to exporting kernel objects so that end user can use it easily.
Procfs: The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime using sysctl command. For example you can find out cpuinfo with following command:
=== Hierarchical File system===
Often referred to as the "FHS"
At the very top or the beginning is your / (forward slash) which represents your root directory.
1. / – Root
Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.
Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.

2. /bin – User Binaries
Contains binary executables.
Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.
Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

3. /sbin – System Binaries
Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.
But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

4. /etc – Configuration Files
Contains configuration files required by all programs.
This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

5. /dev – Device Files
Contains device files.
These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

6. /proc – Process Information
Contains information about system process.
This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that particular pid.
This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime

7. /var – Variable Files
var stands for variable files.
Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.
This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp);

8. /tmp – Temporary Files
Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.
Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.

9. /usr – User Programs
Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs.
/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp
/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2
10. /home – Home Directories

Home directories for all users to store their personal files.
For example: /home/john, /home/nikita

11. /boot – Boot Loader Files
Contains boot loader related files.
Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic

12. /lib – System Libraries
Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin
Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications
opt stands for optional.
Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.

14. /mnt – Mount Directory
Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.

15. /media – Removable Media Devices

Temporary mount directory for removable devices.
For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer

16. /srv – Service Data
srv stands for service.
Contains server specific services related data.
===Types of files used by Linux===
Text, Binary, Executable

Directory = still just a file

Linked = reference other files, shortcut

Special device files = reference hard disks or ports, contained in /dev

Named pipes = communication between process in memory

Created using mkfifo or mknod
One process is a reader other is a writer
Sockets = named pipes between remote computers
Filenames
Filename facts
255 max characters
alphanumeric, _ - .
may or may not have extension to denote type
Lots of different extensions

===Links for Additional Info on File Extension===
*http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions
*http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm
*http://filext.com/alphalist.php?extstart=%5EL (not limited to linux)

==Commands to view filenames and file types==
p*wd - Show current directory

*pwd - /home/randy

*ls -ltr - Show listing and give color codes to information

====listing including file permissions, ownership and date/time stamp.====

*Executable files: Green

*Normal file : Normal

*Directory: Blue

*Symbolic link : Cyan

*Pipe: Yellow

*Socket: Magenta

*Block device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background

*Character device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background

*Orphaned syminks : Blinking Bold white with red background

*Missing links ( - and the files they point to) : Blinking Bold white with red background

*Archives or compressed : Red (.tar, .gz, .zip, .rpm

*Image files : Magenta (.jpg, gif, bmp, png, tif)

===View filenames and file types===
* use ls to list file and directories
* ls /etc/bob = command argument
* Different file types are color coded
* ls = pwd

* ls -F = gives file type, special character is listed on the left of the name = Metacharacters=

*@ = linked file

*= exe

*/ = subdirectory

*= is a socket

*| = named pipe

Other files do not have special character appended to them - they can be anything not listed above

*ls -l = ls long listing
===== All ls Options=====

* -a =Lists all filenames
* -A = Lists most filenames - excludes hidden and special files
* -C = Lists filenames in column format
* --color=n =Lists filenames without color
* -d =Lists directory names instead of their contents
* -f = Lists all filenames without sorting
* -F = Lists filenames classified by file type
* --full-time = Lists filenames in long format and displays the full modification time
* -l = Lists filenames in long format
* -lh = Lists filenames in long format in easy-to-read file sizes
* -lG, -l, -o = Lists filenames in long format but omits group info
* -r = Lists filenames in reverse sorted order
* -R = Lists filenames in the specified directory and all subdirectories
* -s = Lists filenames with file sizes in KB
* -S = Lists filenames by size
* -t = Lists filenames sorted by modification time
* -U = Lists filenames without sorting
* -x = Lists filenames in rows
When listing files/directories a special character on the left indicates what type of file it is
*d = dir
*L = linked
*b & c = special device files
*n = named pipe
*s = socket
*- = other - txt, bin

*file command = Gives file analysis info, type

====Other Attributes listing Options====

* Perms
* Hard link count
* Owner, group,
* Size
* Mod. Time

===Wildcard Metacharacters===

==Display contents of files==
*vi - editing a file
*emas - alternative to vi
*cat - concatenation - similar to "type" in DOS/Windows.
*tac - reverse concatenation - types file in reverse
*head - displays the top ten lines of a file
*tail - displays the bottom ten lines of a file
*more - displays file page by page
*less - similar to more but allow line by line manipulation

==Display contents of Binary files==
* strings = searches binary file for text
* od = displays file in octal format
* od -x = displays contents in hex

==Key Terms==

The tab completion feature is something your really going to like, it makes life much easier for you, rather than typing every single command you type the first character or two and hit the tab key and it finishes it for you.
*~ metacharacter = represent user's home dir
*Absolute pathname - full path to a file or starting from /
*Binary data file - contains machine language (1 or 0)
*cat - display file contents
*cd - change directory
*Command mode - vi mode for text editing
*Concatenation - joining of text
*egrep = grep -E
*emacas = ediotr macros editor, think of as word pad
*fgrep = grep -F
*Gedit = GUI text editor
*Head - displays first 10 lines, can specify # of lines
*Insert mode - vi mode only allows text into file, no other options
*less command - display file pg. by pg. cursor navigation
*Linked file - file that represents another file
*ll command = ls -l
*more command = displays file pg. by pg. & line by line
*Named pipe file - temp connection that sends info from 1 cmd or process in memory to another, *can represent a file
*Nano editor - terminal text editor, uses ctrl keys for functions and navigation
*od command - displays file contents in octal format
*Parent dir - one dir level up
*Regular expressions - special metacharacters
*Relative pathname - path to a folder relative to the pwd
*Socket file = named pipe between 2 computers
*Special device file - files to identify hardware
*Strings command - search & display text in a bin file
*Tab-completion - press tab to complete path in the shell
*tac command = cat backwards
*Tail cmd = display last 10 lines
*Text tools = program to create, modify, & search txt files
*Wildcard metacharacters = used to match certain characters

==Key Commands==

We have some of the key commands listed alphabetically here but the cat command is much like the tac command where cat is used to display the entire contents of a text file the tac command begins with the last line of a file and ends with the the first line of the file. (Just like the word cat backwards is tac)
The " global regular expression print" or grep command searches files for patterns of characters using regular expressions. The egrep & fgrep are other variants of grep that we will talk about later.
The print working directory is a useful command to see where you are in a current directory in the tree.
And ls command is another useful used for listing files in a given directory.

*cat
*cd (change directory)
*egrep
*grep
*file
*grep
*head
*less
*ls
*more
*pwd (print working directory)
*strings
*tac
*tail
==Search files for regular expressions using grep==
==Use vi to modify text files==
====source: http://www.cs.colostate.edu/helpdocs/vi.html====
===What is vi?===
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include pico and emacs, a product of GNU.]
The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:
Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and
Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.
In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.
While there are a number of vi commands, just a handful of these is usually sufficient for beginning vi users. To assist such users, this Web page contains a sampling of basic vi commands. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. With practice, these commands should become automatic.
NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.

===To Get Into and Out Of vi===

To Start vi

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.
* vi filename edit filename starting at line 1
vi -r filename recover filename that was being edited when system crashed
To Exit vi

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file.
Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.
* :x<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wq<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:q<Return> quit (or exit) vi
* :q!<Return> quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call

===Moving the Cursor===

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided.
If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two.
In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.
* j or <Return>
[or down-arrow] move cursor down one line
* k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line
* h or <Backspace>
[or left-arrow] move cursor left one character
* l or <Space>
[or right-arrow] move cursor right one character
* 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
* $ move cursor to end of current line
w move cursor to beginning of next word
b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
:0<Return> or 1G move cursor to first line in file
:n<Return> or nG move cursor to line n
:$<Return> or G move cursor to last line in file

===Screen Manipulation===

The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or down several lines and to be refreshed.
^f move forward one screen
^b move backward one screen
^d move down (forward) one half screen
^u move up (back) one half screen
^l redraws the screen
^r redraws the screen, removing deleted lines

===Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text===

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.
Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.
* u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.
Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode.
* i insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit
I insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc> hit
* a append text after cursor, until <Esc> hit
A append text to end of current line, until <Esc> hit
* o open and put text in a new line below current line, until <Esc> hit
* O open and put text in a new line above current line, until <Esc> hit
===Changing Text===

The following commands allow you to modify text.
* r replace single character under cursor (no <Esc> needed)
R replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit
cw change the current word with new text,
starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit
cNw change N words beginning with character under cursor, until <Esc> hit;
e.g., c5w changes 5 words
C change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit
cc change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit
Ncc or cNc change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line,
stopping when <Esc> is hit
===Deleting Text===

The following commands allow you to delete text.
* x delete single character under cursor
Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor
dNw delete N words beginning with character under cursor;
e.g., d5w deletes 5 words
D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
* dd delete entire current line
Ndd or dNd delete N lines, beginning with the current line;
e.g., 5dd deletes 5 lines
===Cutting and Pasting Text===

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.
yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
Nyy or yNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
p put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
===Other Commands===

====Searching Text====

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another. To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following commands.
/string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string search backward for occurrence of string in text
n move to next occurrence of search string
N move to next occurrence of search string in opposite direction
Determining Line Numbers

Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.
:.= returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
:= returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
^g provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines,
in the file at the bottom of the screen
Saving and Reading Files

These commands permit you to input and output files other than the named file with which you are currently working.

:r filename<Return> read file named filename and insert after current line
(the line with cursor)
:w<Return> write current contents to file named in original vi call
:w newfile<Return> write current contents to a new file named newfile
:12,35w smallfile<Return> write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to a new file named smallfile
:w! prevfile<Return> write current contents over a pre-existing file named prevfile

==Regular Expressions==
===Search files for regular expressions using grep ''(Global Regular Expressions)''===
*grep allows you to search through a file for text argument.
*grep "localhost" /etc/hosts
return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts
*grep -v "localhost" /etc/hosts
return lines that DONT include localhost in the file /etc/hosts
*grep -l "LOCALHOST" /etc/hosts
return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts that is not case-sensitive
*grep -i "text" "File"
to search for text that is not case sensitive in a file since the default is case sensitive
*grep "text" (quotation marks)
will search for text patterns like: texting, subtext all consist of the word text
*grep " text " (quotations with a space before and after)
will search for the exact text in a line
*grep " s.text " (quaotations with a space and a period)
will search for any pattern of text that starts with the letter s and ends with text: subtext, supertext
*grep "^T " (quotation, carat, space quotation)
To view lines that start with the letter T

'''Searching with extended regular expressions with egrep'''
*egrep "(help | hope)" (quotation, parenthesis, help, space, pipe, space, hope, parenthesis, qotation)
To view lines that contain the text "help" or "hope"

===Commands to Display Contents of Binary Files===
*strings = searching binary file for text
*od = displays file in octal format
*od -x = displays contents in hex

===Searching for Text within Files===
*Tools: grep, awk, sed, vi, emacs, ex, ed, C++, PERL, tcl

*Regular expressions

*Wildcard metacharacters are interpreted by the shell

*Regular expressions are interpreted by text tool program

*Wildcard metacharacters match characters in file & dir names

*Regular expressions match charters within file

*Wildcard metacharacters typically have different definitions than regular expressions

*metacharacters

*There are more regular expression metacharacters than wildcard metacharacters

==Alternatives to vi==
===Emacs===
*Not installed by default in Fedora 13.
*Can run in a GUI environment.
*More GUI than vi.
*Written in C and Emacs Lisp.
*Licensed GNU GPL
*Users can combine commands into macros to automate task.

===gedit editor===
*Default text editor for GNOME desktop environment.
*Does not have the advanced functionality that vi or Emacs has.
*Has ability to install additional Gedit plugins.
*One of the easiest editors to use.

===nano editor===
*Based on pine UNIX editor.
*Provides shortcut hints at the bottom of the screen.
*Has graphical text editor.

==Summary==
*Linux file system is a hierarchy, series of directories
paths are absolute or relative
*Many types of files - text, scripts, executable, dirs, linked, special device
*ls - view file names and many options to modify view
*Wildcard metacharacters help to select multiple files
*Regular expression metacharacters are used in many ways.
*Text files can be viewed differently with commands such as, head, tail, cat, tac, more and less.
*vi is the most common text editor however GUI options exits

==References==
*Anatomy of the Linux File System
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-filesystem/
*File extensions
http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions

http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm

*Linux/Unix/BSD Post-Exploitation Command List
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ObQB6hmVvRPCgPTRZM5NMH034VDM-1N-EWPRz2770K4/edit?hl=en_US
*vi tutorial
http://www.unix-manuals.com/tutorials/vi/vi-in-10-1.html
*VI Cheatsheet
http://www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/atmclasses/atm350/vi_cheat_sheet.pdf
*Learning the vi and Vim Editors
http://www.amazon.com/Learning-Vim-Editors-Arnold-Robbins/dp/059652983X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1326846342&sr=1-1
*Command Guides
http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux_command_guide

http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux-command-list
*Emac Guide
http://sean.wenzel.net/docs/emacs/quick_reference/
*15 Practical examples of ls commands
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/07/linux-ls-command-examples/
*50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/11/50-linux-commands/

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-02-02T16:46:21Z

Tryder: /* Search files for regular expressions using grep */

==CNT-2311-Chapter 3==
Exploring Linux Filesystems

==Objectives==
*Comparison of Windows and Linux filesystems
*Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames
*Types of files
*View filenames and file types
*Use shell wildcards
*Display contents of files
*Search files for regular expressions using grep
*Use vi to modify text files
*Alternatives to vi
*File Hierarchy

==Comparison of Windows v. Linux filesystems==
====Windows File System Attributes====
*Directory structure - volume based, drive letters assigned at boot
*Can not natievly read linux file system
*c:\ is root directory
*"\" is the file seperator = c:\logman.exe
*file names are not case sensitive
* have hidden files
====Linux File System Attributes====
*unified directory structure - single rood directory
*every directory is a sub-directory of /
*Drives and directories must be mounted to be seen
*Can read FAT, NTFS, EXT2,3,4 SQUASHFS, lsofs, sysfs, procfs file systems
*"/" is the file separator = /home/randy/documents/test.txt
*file names are case sensitive
*hidden files start with "."

Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames

start in home dir

use ~ to reference home directories

present dir = pwd

/home/randy/

change dir = cd

cd /etc - change directory to /etc

relative path name = path to the file in relation to the current working directory

".." references the next higher up dir

tab-completion!

====Supported File Systems====
Linux supports numerous file system types
Ext2: This is like UNIX file system. It has the concepts of blocks, inodes and directories.
Ext3: It is ext2 filesystem enhanced with journaling capabilities. Journaling allows fast file system recovery. Supports POSIX ACL (Access Control Lists).
Isofs (iso9660): Used by CDROM file system.
Sysfs: It is a ram-based filesystem initially based on ramfs. It is use to exporting kernel objects so that end user can use it easily.
Procfs: The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime using sysctl command. For example you can find out cpuinfo with following command:
=== Hierarchical File system===
Often referred to as the "FHS"
At the very top or the beginning is your / (forward slash) which represents your root directory.
1. / – Root
Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.
Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.

2. /bin – User Binaries
Contains binary executables.
Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.
Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

3. /sbin – System Binaries
Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.
But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

4. /etc – Configuration Files
Contains configuration files required by all programs.
This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

5. /dev – Device Files
Contains device files.
These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

6. /proc – Process Information
Contains information about system process.
This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that particular pid.
This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime

7. /var – Variable Files
var stands for variable files.
Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.
This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp);

8. /tmp – Temporary Files
Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.
Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.

9. /usr – User Programs
Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs.
/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp
/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2
10. /home – Home Directories

Home directories for all users to store their personal files.
For example: /home/john, /home/nikita

11. /boot – Boot Loader Files
Contains boot loader related files.
Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic

12. /lib – System Libraries
Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin
Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications
opt stands for optional.
Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.

14. /mnt – Mount Directory
Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.

15. /media – Removable Media Devices

Temporary mount directory for removable devices.
For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer

16. /srv – Service Data
srv stands for service.
Contains server specific services related data.
===Types of files used by Linux===
Text, Binary, Executable

Directory = still just a file

Linked = reference other files, shortcut

Special device files = reference hard disks or ports, contained in /dev

Named pipes = communication between process in memory

Created using mkfifo or mknod
One process is a reader other is a writer
Sockets = named pipes between remote computers
Filenames
Filename facts
255 max characters
alphanumeric, _ - .
may or may not have extension to denote type
Lots of different extensions

===Links for Additional Info on File Extension===
*http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions
*http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm
*http://filext.com/alphalist.php?extstart=%5EL (not limited to linux)

==Commands to view filenames and file types==
p*wd - Show current directory

*pwd - /home/randy

*ls -ltr - Show listing and give color codes to information

====listing including file permissions, ownership and date/time stamp.====

*Executable files: Green

*Normal file : Normal

*Directory: Blue

*Symbolic link : Cyan

*Pipe: Yellow

*Socket: Magenta

*Block device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background

*Character device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background

*Orphaned syminks : Blinking Bold white with red background

*Missing links ( - and the files they point to) : Blinking Bold white with red background

*Archives or compressed : Red (.tar, .gz, .zip, .rpm

*Image files : Magenta (.jpg, gif, bmp, png, tif)

===View filenames and file types===
* use ls to list file and directories
* ls /etc/bob = command argument
* Different file types are color coded
* ls = pwd

* ls -F = gives file type, special character is listed on the left of the name = Metacharacters=

*@ = linked file

*= exe

*/ = subdirectory

*= is a socket

*| = named pipe

Other files do not have special character appended to them - they can be anything not listed above

*ls -l = ls long listing
===== All ls Options=====

* -a =Lists all filenames
* -A = Lists most filenames - excludes hidden and special files
* -C = Lists filenames in column format
* --color=n =Lists filenames without color
* -d =Lists directory names instead of their contents
* -f = Lists all filenames without sorting
* -F = Lists filenames classified by file type
* --full-time = Lists filenames in long format and displays the full modification time
* -l = Lists filenames in long format
* -lh = Lists filenames in long format in easy-to-read file sizes
* -lG, -l, -o = Lists filenames in long format but omits group info
* -r = Lists filenames in reverse sorted order
* -R = Lists filenames in the specified directory and all subdirectories
* -s = Lists filenames with file sizes in KB
* -S = Lists filenames by size
* -t = Lists filenames sorted by modification time
* -U = Lists filenames without sorting
* -x = Lists filenames in rows
When listing files/directories a special character on the left indicates what type of file it is
*d = dir
*L = linked
*b & c = special device files
*n = named pipe
*s = socket
*- = other - txt, bin

*file command = Gives file analysis info, type

====Other Attributes listing Options====

* Perms
* Hard link count
* Owner, group,
* Size
* Mod. Time

===Wildcard Metacharacters===

==Display contents of files==
*vi - editing a file
*emas - alternative to vi
*cat - concatenation - similar to "type" in DOS/Windows.
*tac - reverse concatenation - types file in reverse
*head - displays the top ten lines of a file
*tail - displays the bottom ten lines of a file
*more - displays file page by page
*less - similar to more but allow line by line manipulation

==Display contents of Binary files==
* strings = searches binary file for text
* od = displays file in octal format
* od -x = displays contents in hex

==Key Terms==

The tab completion feature is something your really going to like, it makes life much easier for you, rather than typing every single command you type the first character or two and hit the tab key and it finishes it for you.
*~ metacharacter = represent user's home dir
*Absolute pathname - full path to a file or starting from /
*Binary data file - contains machine language (1 or 0)
*cat - display file contents
*cd - change directory
*Command mode - vi mode for text editing
*Concatenation - joining of text
*egrep = grep -E
*emacas = ediotr macros editor, think of as word pad
*fgrep = grep -F
*Gedit = GUI text editor
*Head - displays first 10 lines, can specify # of lines
*Insert mode - vi mode only allows text into file, no other options
*less command - display file pg. by pg. cursor navigation
*Linked file - file that represents another file
*ll command = ls -l
*more command = displays file pg. by pg. & line by line
*Named pipe file - temp connection that sends info from 1 cmd or process in memory to another, *can represent a file
*Nano editor - terminal text editor, uses ctrl keys for functions and navigation
*od command - displays file contents in octal format
*Parent dir - one dir level up
*Regular expressions - special metacharacters
*Relative pathname - path to a folder relative to the pwd
*Socket file = named pipe between 2 computers
*Special device file - files to identify hardware
*Strings command - search & display text in a bin file
*Tab-completion - press tab to complete path in the shell
*tac command = cat backwards
*Tail cmd = display last 10 lines
*Text tools = program to create, modify, & search txt files
*Wildcard metacharacters = used to match certain characters

==Key Commands==

We have some of the key commands listed alphabetically here but the cat command is much like the tac command where cat is used to display the entire contents of a text file the tac command begins with the last line of a file and ends with the the first line of the file. (Just like the word cat backwards is tac)
The " global regular expression print" or grep command searches files for patterns of characters using regular expressions. The egrep & fgrep are other variants of grep that we will talk about later.
The print working directory is a useful command to see where you are in a current directory in the tree.
And ls command is another useful used for listing files in a given directory.

*cat
*cd (change directory)
*egrep
*grep
*file
*grep
*head
*less
*ls
*more
*pwd (print working directory)
*strings
*tac
*tail
==Search files for regular expressions using grep==
==Use vi to modify text files==
====source: http://www.cs.colostate.edu/helpdocs/vi.html====
===What is vi?===
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include pico and emacs, a product of GNU.]
The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:
Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and
Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.
In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.
While there are a number of vi commands, just a handful of these is usually sufficient for beginning vi users. To assist such users, this Web page contains a sampling of basic vi commands. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. With practice, these commands should become automatic.
NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.

===To Get Into and Out Of vi===

To Start vi

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.
* vi filename edit filename starting at line 1
vi -r filename recover filename that was being edited when system crashed
To Exit vi

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file.
Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.
* :x<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wq<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:q<Return> quit (or exit) vi
* :q!<Return> quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call

===Moving the Cursor===

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided.
If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two.
In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.
* j or <Return>
[or down-arrow] move cursor down one line
* k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line
* h or <Backspace>
[or left-arrow] move cursor left one character
* l or <Space>
[or right-arrow] move cursor right one character
* 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
* $ move cursor to end of current line
w move cursor to beginning of next word
b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
:0<Return> or 1G move cursor to first line in file
:n<Return> or nG move cursor to line n
:$<Return> or G move cursor to last line in file

===Screen Manipulation===

The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or down several lines and to be refreshed.
^f move forward one screen
^b move backward one screen
^d move down (forward) one half screen
^u move up (back) one half screen
^l redraws the screen
^r redraws the screen, removing deleted lines

===Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text===

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.
Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.
* u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.
Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode.
* i insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit
I insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc> hit
* a append text after cursor, until <Esc> hit
A append text to end of current line, until <Esc> hit
* o open and put text in a new line below current line, until <Esc> hit
* O open and put text in a new line above current line, until <Esc> hit
===Changing Text===

The following commands allow you to modify text.
* r replace single character under cursor (no <Esc> needed)
R replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit
cw change the current word with new text,
starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit
cNw change N words beginning with character under cursor, until <Esc> hit;
e.g., c5w changes 5 words
C change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit
cc change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit
Ncc or cNc change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line,
stopping when <Esc> is hit
===Deleting Text===

The following commands allow you to delete text.
* x delete single character under cursor
Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor
dNw delete N words beginning with character under cursor;
e.g., d5w deletes 5 words
D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
* dd delete entire current line
Ndd or dNd delete N lines, beginning with the current line;
e.g., 5dd deletes 5 lines
===Cutting and Pasting Text===

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.
yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
Nyy or yNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
p put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
===Other Commands===

====Searching Text====

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another. To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following commands.
/string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string search backward for occurrence of string in text
n move to next occurrence of search string
N move to next occurrence of search string in opposite direction
Determining Line Numbers

Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.
:.= returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
:= returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
^g provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines,
in the file at the bottom of the screen
Saving and Reading Files

These commands permit you to input and output files other than the named file with which you are currently working.

:r filename<Return> read file named filename and insert after current line
(the line with cursor)
:w<Return> write current contents to file named in original vi call
:w newfile<Return> write current contents to a new file named newfile
:12,35w smallfile<Return> write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to a new file named smallfile
:w! prevfile<Return> write current contents over a pre-existing file named prevfile

==Regular Expressions==
===Search files for regular expressions using grep ''(Global Regular Expressions)''===
*grep allows you to search through a file for text argument.
*grep "localhost" /etc/hosts
return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts
*grep -v "localhost" /etc/hosts
return lines that DONT include localhost in the file /etc/hosts
*grep -l "LOCALHOST" /etc/hosts
return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts that is not case-sensitive
*grep -i "text" "File"
to search for text that is not case sensitive in a file since the default is case sensitive
*grep "text" (quotation marks)
will search for text patterns like: texting, subtext all consist of the word text
*grep " text " (quotations with a space before and after)
will search for the exact text in a line
*grep " s.text " (quaotations with a space and a period)
will search for any pattern of text that starts with the letter s and ends with text: subtext, supertext
*grep "^T " (quotation, carat, space quotation)
To view lines that start with the letter T

'''Searching with extended regular expressions with egrep'''
*egrep "(help|hope)" (quotation, parenthesis, pipe, parenthesis, qotation)
To view lines that contain the text "help" or "hope"

===Commands to Display Contents of Binary Files===
*strings = searching binary file for text
*od = displays file in octal format
*od -x = displays contents in hex

===Searching for Text within Files===
*Tools: grep, awk, sed, vi, emacs, ex, ed, C++, PERL, tcl

*Regular expressions

*Wildcard metacharacters are interpreted by the shell

*Regular expressions are interpreted by text tool program

*Wildcard metacharacters match characters in file & dir names

*Regular expressions match charters within file

*Wildcard metacharacters typically have different definitions than regular expressions

*metacharacters

*There are more regular expression metacharacters than wildcard metacharacters

==Alternatives to vi==
===Emacs===
*Not installed by default in Fedora 13.
*Can run in a GUI environment.
*More GUI than vi.
*Written in C and Emacs Lisp.
*Licensed GNU GPL
*Users can combine commands into macros to automate task.

===gedit editor===
*Default text editor for GNOME desktop environment.
*Does not have the advanced functionality that vi or Emacs has.
*Has ability to install additional Gedit plugins.
*One of the easiest editors to use.

===nano editor===
*Based on pine UNIX editor.
*Provides shortcut hints at the bottom of the screen.
*Has graphical text editor.

==Summary==
*Linux file system is a hierarchy, series of directories
paths are absolute or relative
*Many types of files - text, scripts, executable, dirs, linked, special device
*ls - view file names and many options to modify view
*Wildcard metacharacters help to select multiple files
*Regular expression metacharacters are used in many ways.
*Text files can be viewed differently with commands such as, head, tail, cat, tac, more and less.
*vi is the most common text editor however GUI options exits

==References==
*Anatomy of the Linux File System
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-filesystem/
*File extensions
http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions

http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm

*Linux/Unix/BSD Post-Exploitation Command List
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ObQB6hmVvRPCgPTRZM5NMH034VDM-1N-EWPRz2770K4/edit?hl=en_US
*vi tutorial
http://www.unix-manuals.com/tutorials/vi/vi-in-10-1.html
*VI Cheatsheet
http://www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/atmclasses/atm350/vi_cheat_sheet.pdf
*Learning the vi and Vim Editors
http://www.amazon.com/Learning-Vim-Editors-Arnold-Robbins/dp/059652983X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1326846342&sr=1-1
*Command Guides
http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux_command_guide

http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux-command-list
*Emac Guide
http://sean.wenzel.net/docs/emacs/quick_reference/
*15 Practical examples of ls commands
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/07/linux-ls-command-examples/
*50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/11/50-linux-commands/

Study Guide

2012-01-30T21:25:50Z

Tryder: /* The Five Port States */

*Corey Steiner
*Billy Andersen
*Kevin Moy
*Tracy Ryder

==Evolution of STP==

*STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) – Eliminates loops at layer 2 topology

==STP==
*STP initially converges on a logically loop-free network topology.
*Elects one root bridge
*Selects the root port on all nonroot bridges
*Selects the designated port on each segment
==STP Steps==
*Elects One Root Bridge
*The protocol uses a process to elect a root bridge
*Only one bridge acts as the root bridge in a given network per VLAN
*On the root bridge, all ports act as designated ports
*Switch with lowest priority parameter is elected as root
===STP Step 2===
*Selects the Root Port on All Non-root Bridges
*The protocol establishes one root port on each nonroot bridge.
*The root port is the lowest-cost path from the nonroot bridge to the root bridge
===Step 3===
*Selects Designated Port on Each Segment
*On each segment, STP establishes one designated port on the bridge that has the lowest path cost to the root bridge
*The switch primarily chooses a designated port as the least-cost path to the root bridge
*In the event of a tie, the bridge ID acts as the tiebreaker
==Port Roles==
===Four port roles under STP===
*Root Port
*Designated Port
*Disabled Port
*Nondesignated Port

==The Five Port States==
*Blocking
*Listening
*Learning
*Forwarding
*Disabled

==RSTP==
'''A variation of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) designed to ensures a topology that doesn’t have loops.'''

'''IEEE introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) as 802.1w'''

*Detection of root switch failure is done in 3 hello times
*STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond to changes within 3 × Hello times *(default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few milliseconds of a physical link failure

*RSTP maintains backup details regarding the discarding status of ports.

==RSTP bridge port roles:==
*Root - A forwarding port that is the best port from Nonroot-bridge to Rootbridge
*Designated - A forwarding port for every LAN segment
*Alternate - An alternate path to the root bridge. This path is different than using the root port.
*Backup - A backup/redundant path to a segment where another bridge port already connects.
*Disabled - Not strictly part of STP, a network administrator can manually disable a port

==RSTP Topology Change Mechanism==

'''When an RSTP bridge detects a topology change it performs the following actions.'''

*The RSTP Bridge starts the TC while time with a value equal to twice the hello time for all its nonedge designated ports and its root, port if necessary. The TC While time is the interval during which the RSTP Bridge actively informs the rest of the bridges in the network of a topology. It then flushing the MAC addresses associated with all nonedge ports. And as long as the TC While timer is running the BPDUs will be sent out of the port will have the TC bit set.

==Bridge Identifier for PVRST+==

*Bridge Priority A 4-bit field still used to carry bridge priority
*Extended System ID
*Mac Address

*Only four high-order bits of the 16 bit bridge priority field carry actual priority
*Cisco STP Default Config
*PVST+
*PVRST+
*MST

*PortFast
*Spanning Tree Portfast causes an interface configured as a layer 2 access port to enter the forwarding state immediately.
*Conf t
*int fa 0/1
*spanning-tree portfast

*confirm with show spanning-tree interface Fastethernet 0/1.

*Config the Basic Parameters of PVRST+
*conf t
*spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst
*spanning-tree vlan 2 root primary
*spanning tree- vlan 3 root secondary

==Multiple Spanning Tree==
MST extends the IEEE 802.1w RST algorithm to multiple spanning trees. The main purpose of MST is to reduce the total number of spanning-tree instances.

Study Guide

2012-01-30T21:23:51Z

Tryder: /* Port Roles */

*Corey Steiner
*Billy Andersen
*Kevin Moy
*Tracy Ryder

==Evolution of STP==

*STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) – Eliminates loops at layer 2 topology

==STP==
*STP initially converges on a logically loop-free network topology.
*Elects one root bridge
*Selects the root port on all nonroot bridges
*Selects the designated port on each segment
==STP Steps==
*Elects One Root Bridge
*The protocol uses a process to elect a root bridge
*Only one bridge acts as the root bridge in a given network per VLAN
*On the root bridge, all ports act as designated ports
*Switch with lowest priority parameter is elected as root
===STP Step 2===
*Selects the Root Port on All Non-root Bridges
*The protocol establishes one root port on each nonroot bridge.
*The root port is the lowest-cost path from the nonroot bridge to the root bridge
===Step 3===
*Selects Designated Port on Each Segment
*On each segment, STP establishes one designated port on the bridge that has the lowest path cost to the root bridge
*The switch primarily chooses a designated port as the least-cost path to the root bridge
*In the event of a tie, the bridge ID acts as the tiebreaker
==Port Roles==
===Four port roles under STP===
*Root Port
*Designated Port
*Disabled Port
*Nondesignated Port

==The Five Port States==
*Blocking
*Listening
*Learning
*Forwarding
*Disabled

'''A variation of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) designed to ensures a topology that doesn’t have loops.'''

'''IEEE introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) as 802.1w'''

*Detection of root switch failure is done in 3 hello times
*STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond to changes within 3 × Hello times *(default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few milliseconds of a physical link failure

*RSTP maintains backup details regarding the discarding status of ports.

==RSTP bridge port roles:==
*Root - A forwarding port that is the best port from Nonroot-bridge to Rootbridge
*Designated - A forwarding port for every LAN segment
*Alternate - An alternate path to the root bridge. This path is different than using the root port.
*Backup - A backup/redundant path to a segment where another bridge port already connects.
*Disabled - Not strictly part of STP, a network administrator can manually disable a port

==RSTP Topology Change Mechanism==

'''When an RSTP bridge detects a topology change it performs the following actions.'''

*The RSTP Bridge starts the TC while time with a value equal to twice the hello time for all its nonedge designated ports and its root, port if necessary. The TC While time is the interval during which the RSTP Bridge actively informs the rest of the bridges in the network of a topology. It then flushing the MAC addresses associated with all nonedge ports. And as long as the TC While timer is running the BPDUs will be sent out of the port will have the TC bit set.

==Bridge Identifier for PVRST+==

*Bridge Priority A 4-bit field still used to carry bridge priority
*Extended System ID
*Mac Address

*Only four high-order bits of the 16 bit bridge priority field carry actual priority
*Cisco STP Default Config
*PVST+
*PVRST+
*MST

*PortFast
*Spanning Tree Portfast causes an interface configured as a layer 2 access port to enter the forwarding state immediately.
*Conf t
*int fa 0/1
*spanning-tree portfast

*confirm with show spanning-tree interface Fastethernet 0/1.

*Config the Basic Parameters of PVRST+
*conf t
*spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst
*spanning-tree vlan 2 root primary
*spanning tree- vlan 3 root secondary

==Multiple Spanning Tree==
MST extends the IEEE 802.1w RST algorithm to multiple spanning trees. The main purpose of MST is to reduce the total number of spanning-tree instances.

File:Comparison.jpg

2012-01-30T15:50:45Z

Tryder:

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-01-30T15:45:29Z

Tryder: /* Objectives */

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-01-30T15:43:44Z

Tryder: /* Search files for regular expressions using grep */

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-01-30T15:40:29Z

Tryder:

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-01-30T02:07:29Z

Tryder:

Franske CNT-2311

2012-01-29T19:59:24Z

Tryder: /* Chapter Study Guides */

This is the homepage for the CNT-2311 classes taught by Dr. Ben Franske.

=Current Course Materials=

== General Course Information ==
* [https://docs.google.com/a/ihcnt.net/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dE5lWno3NEQybjdLOW52OW5aNWpfdnc6MQ First Day Sign In Form]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Syllabus|Course Syllabus]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP12 Schedule|Spring 2012 Course Schedule]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP12 Labs|Lab List]]
* [[Franske Lab Report Format|Lab Report Format]]

== Chapter Study Guides ==
Put a link to the study guide you create for your chapter here. 
[[Chapter 2 Study Guide]]

[[Chapter 3 Study Guide]]

== Resources ==
* [[Writing Moodle Questions]]
* [[Editing Moodle Questions]]

=== Software ===
* [http://www.virtualbox.org Virtualbox]
** [[VirtualBox Startup Script]]

==== Major Linux Distributions ====
* [http://www.debian.org Debian]
** [http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu]
* [http://www.redhat.com Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)]
** [http://centos.org CentOS]
** [http://fedoraproject.org Fedora]
*** Old versions of Fedora are difficult to find on the site the version that the book uses is [http://mirror.rit.edu/fedora/linux/releases/13/Fedora/i386/iso/Fedora-13-i386-DVD.iso Fedora Core 13]
* [http://www.gentoo.org Gentoo]
* [http://www.opensuse.org OpenSUSE (Novell)]

=== General Help ===
==== Online Linux Tutuorials ====
* [http://www.linux.org/lessons/beginner Beginning Linux from Linux.org]
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostfixBasicSetupHowto Postfix Basic Setup]
* [http://lartc.org Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control (Advanced Networking)]

=== Command Guides ===
* [http://vic.gedris.org/Manual-ShellIntro/1.2/ShellIntro.pdf Inroduction to basic BASH shell commands]
* [http://www.digilife.be/quickreferences/QRC/The%20One%20Page%20Linux%20Manual.pdf The One Page Linux Manual]

=== Specific Topic Help ===
==== GRUB2 ====
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2 Ubuntu Community Documentation - GRUB2]
* [http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html GRUB2 Bootloader Full Tutorial]
* [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1195275 The GRUB2 Guide]

==== Runlevels ====
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lpic1-v3-101-3/?ca=drs- IBM Learn Linux, 101: Runlevels, shutdown, and reboot]
* [http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/8116-an-introduction-to-services-runlevels-and-rcd-scripts An introduction to services, runlevels, and rc.d scripts]

==== Partitioning, Formatting and Mounting====
* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/ Linux Partition HOWTO]
* [http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/4/html/Introduction_To_System_Administration/s2-storage-fs-mounting.html RedHat Documentation Mount Points]
* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Installation_Guide/ch-partitions-x86.html Fedora Documentation: An Introduction to Disk Partitions]

==== SSH ====
* [http://macnugget.org/projects/publickeys/ David McNett: using ssh public key authentication]
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Keys Ubuntu SSH Keys Documentation]
* [http://www.linuxtutorialblog.com/post/ssh-and-scp-howto-tips-tricks Linux Tutorial Blog: SSH and SCP: Howto, tips & tricks]

==== Network Configuration ====
* [http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/254 Debian-style Network Configuration] (Ubuntu Server uses the same style)
* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Deployment_Guide/s1-networkscripts-interfaces.html Fedora Nekwork Interface Configuration Files]

==== Regular Expressions, Grep and SED ====
* [http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm Regular Expressions - A Simple User Guide]
* [http://linuxreviews.org/beginner/tao_of_regular_expressions Tao of Regular Expressions]

=Archived Course Materials=
== General Course Information ==
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Labs|Lab List]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SU11 Labs|Summer 2011 Lab List]]

== Chapter Project Notes ==
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 2 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 3 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 4 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 5 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 7 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 9 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 10 Notes]] 

'''
[http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Chapter_21_%26_24 CNT-2311-Chapter 21 & 24 Notes]'''
* [[Linux SSH and Samba Notes]]
* [[Linux Job Management Notes]]

== Projects ==

* [[Dual Booting Ubuntu and Windows 7]]
* [[GUID Partiton Table]]
* [[Linux VLAN Trunking]]
* [[Installing Webmin]]
* [[Nat Masquerading and Firewall]]
* [[Control Web Access With Squid]]
* [[Installing MyBB Forum]]
* [[openvpn]]
* [[Zoneminder]]
* [[Understanding Linux Permission Sets]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP10 Commands|Spring 2010 Commands by Session]]
* [[Converting VMWare .vmdk To VirtualBox .vdi Using Qemu+ and VBoxManage]]
* [[Linux command guide]]
* [[Windows File Sharing and Printer Sharing with SAMBA]]
* [[How to Setup NAT]]
* [[Linux-command-list]]

Chapter 3 Study Guide

2012-01-29T19:57:57Z

Tryder: Created page with "CNT-2311-Chapter 3 Exploring Linux Filesystems Objectives Comparison of Windows and Linux filesystems Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames Typ..."

CNT-2311-Chapter 3
Exploring Linux Filesystems
Objectives
Comparison of Windows and Linux filesystems
Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames
Types of files
View filenames and file types
Use shell wildcards
Display contents of files
Search files for regular expressions using grep
Use vi to modify text files
Alternatives to vi
File Hierarchy
Comparison of Windows v. Linux filesystems�

Navigate the directory structure using relative and absolute pathnames
start in home dir
use ~ to reference home directories
present dir = pwd
/home/randy/
change dir = cd
cd /etc - change directory to /etc
relative path name = path to the file in relation to the current working directory
".." references the next higher up dir
tab-completion!

Types of files
Text, Binary, Executable
Directory = still just a file
Linked = reference other files, shortcut
Special device files = reference hard disks or ports, contained in /dev
Named pipes = communication between process in memory
Created using mkfifo or mknod
One process is a reader other is a writer
Sockets = named pipes between remote computers
Filenames
Filename facts
255 max characters
alphanumeric, _ - .
may or may not have extension to denote type
Lots of different extensions
http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions
http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm
http://filext.com/alphalist.php?extstart=%5EL (not limited to linux)
View filenames and file types
pwd - Show current directory
pwd - /home/randy
ls -ltr   - Show listing and give color codes to information
listing including file permissions, ownership and date/time stamp.
Executable files: Green
Normal file : Normal
Directory: Blue
Symbolic link : Cyan
Pipe: Yellow
Socket: Magenta
Block device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background
Character device driver: Bold yellow foreground, with black background
Orphaned syminks : Blinking Bold white with red background
Missing links ( - and the files they point to) : Blinking Bold white with red background
Archives or compressed : Red (.tar, .gz, .zip, .rpm
Image files : Magenta (.jpg, gif, bmp, png, tif)
View filenames and file types
ls -F = gives file type, special character is listed on the left of the name = Metacharacters=
@ = linked file
= exe
/ = subdirectory
= is a socket
| = named pipe
Other files do not have special character appended to them - they can be anything not listed above

ls -l = ls long listing
When listing files/directories a special character on the left indicates what type of file it is
d = dir
L = linked
b & c = special device files
n = named pipe
s = socket
- = other - txt, bin

Display contents of files
vi - editing a file

emas - alternative to vi

cat - concatenation - similar to "type" in DOS/Windows.

tac - reverse concatenation - types file in reverse

head - displays the top ten lines of a file

tail - displays the bottom ten lines of a file

more - displays file page by page

less - similar to more but allow line by line manipulation
Key Terms
~ metacharacter
absolute pathname
binary data file
command mode
concantenation
directory
Emacs (Editor MACroS) editor
executable program
filename
filename extension
gedit editor
home directory
insert mode
linked file
log file

named pipe file
nano editor
parent directory
regexp
regular expressions
relative pathname
socket file
special device file
subdirectory
Tab-completion feature
text file
text tools
vi editor
wildcard metacharacters

� � Key � �Commands� �

cat
cd (change directory)
egrep
fgrep
file
grep
head
less
ls
more
pwd (print working directory)
strings
tac
tail
Search files for regular expressions using grep
grep allows you to search through a file for text argument.

grep "localhost" /etc/hosts
    return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts

grep -v "localhost" /etc/hosts
    return lines that DONT include localhost in the file /etc/hosts

grep -l "LOCALHOST" /etc/hosts
    return lines that include localhost in the file /etc/hosts that is not case-sensitive

Regular Expressions
Commands to Display Contents of Binary Files
strings = searching binary file for text
od = displays file in octal format
od -x = displays contents in hex

Searching for Text within Files
Tools: grep, awk, sed, vi, emacs, ex, ed, C++, PERL, tcl
Regular expressions
Wildcard metacharacters are interpreted by the shell
Regular expressions are interpreted by text tool program
Wildcard metacharacters match characters in file & dir names
Regular expressions match charters within file
Wildcard metacharacters typically have different definitions than regular expressions metacharacters
There are more regular expression metacharacters than wildcard metacharacters

Emacs
Not installed by default in Fedora 13.
Can run in a GUI environment.
More GUI than vi.
Written in C and Emacs Lisp.
Licensed GNU GPL
Users can combine commands into macros
to automate task.

Summary
Linux file system is a hierarchy, series of directories
paths are absolute or relative
Many types of files - text, scripts, executable, dirs, linked, special device
ls - view file names and many options to modify view
Wildcard metacharacters help to select multiple files
Regular expression metacharacters are used in many ways.
Text files can be viewed differently with commands such as, head, tail, cat, tac, more and less.
vi is the most common text editor however GUI options exits

References
Anatomy of the Linux File System
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-filesystem/
File extensions
http://learn.clemsonlinux.org/wiki/File_extensions
http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/fileext.htm
Linux/Unix/BSD Post-Exploitation Command List
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ObQB6hmVvRPCgPTRZM5NMH034VDM-1N-EWPRz2770K4/edit?hl=en_US
vi tutorial
http://www.unix-manuals.com/tutorials/vi/vi-in-10-1.html
VI Cheatsheet
http://www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/atmclasses/atm350/vi_cheat_sheet.pdf
Learning the vi and Vim Editors
http://www.amazon.com/Learning-Vim-Editors-Arnold-Robbins/dp/059652983X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1326846342&sr=1-1
Command Guides
http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux_command_guide
http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Linux-command-list
Emac Guide
http://sean.wenzel.net/docs/emacs/quick_reference/
15 Practical examples of ls commands
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/07/linux-ls-command-examples/
50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/11/50-linux-commands/

Franske CNT-2311

2012-01-29T19:34:43Z

Tryder: /* Chapter Study Guides */

This is the homepage for the CNT-2311 classes taught by Dr. Ben Franske.

=Current Course Materials=

== General Course Information ==
* [https://docs.google.com/a/ihcnt.net/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dE5lWno3NEQybjdLOW52OW5aNWpfdnc6MQ First Day Sign In Form]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Syllabus|Course Syllabus]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP12 Schedule|Spring 2012 Course Schedule]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP12 Labs|Lab List]]
* [[Franske Lab Report Format|Lab Report Format]]

== Chapter Study Guides ==
Put a link to the study guide you create for your chapter here. 
[[Chapter 2 Study Guide]]
[[Chapter 3 Study Guide]]

== Resources ==
* [[Writing Moodle Questions]]
* [[Editing Moodle Questions]]

=== Software ===
* [http://www.virtualbox.org Virtualbox]
** [[VirtualBox Startup Script]]

==== Major Linux Distributions ====
* [http://www.debian.org Debian]
** [http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu]
* [http://www.redhat.com Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)]
** [http://centos.org CentOS]
** [http://fedoraproject.org Fedora]
*** Old versions of Fedora are difficult to find on the site the version that the book uses is [http://mirror.rit.edu/fedora/linux/releases/13/Fedora/i386/iso/Fedora-13-i386-DVD.iso Fedora Core 13]
* [http://www.gentoo.org Gentoo]
* [http://www.opensuse.org OpenSUSE (Novell)]

=== General Help ===
==== Online Linux Tutuorials ====
* [http://www.linux.org/lessons/beginner Beginning Linux from Linux.org]
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PostfixBasicSetupHowto Postfix Basic Setup]
* [http://lartc.org Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control (Advanced Networking)]

=== Command Guides ===
* [http://vic.gedris.org/Manual-ShellIntro/1.2/ShellIntro.pdf Inroduction to basic BASH shell commands]
* [http://www.digilife.be/quickreferences/QRC/The%20One%20Page%20Linux%20Manual.pdf The One Page Linux Manual]

=== Specific Topic Help ===
==== GRUB2 ====
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2 Ubuntu Community Documentation - GRUB2]
* [http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html GRUB2 Bootloader Full Tutorial]
* [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1195275 The GRUB2 Guide]

==== Runlevels ====
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lpic1-v3-101-3/?ca=drs- IBM Learn Linux, 101: Runlevels, shutdown, and reboot]
* [http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/8116-an-introduction-to-services-runlevels-and-rcd-scripts An introduction to services, runlevels, and rc.d scripts]

==== Partitioning, Formatting and Mounting====
* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/ Linux Partition HOWTO]
* [http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/4/html/Introduction_To_System_Administration/s2-storage-fs-mounting.html RedHat Documentation Mount Points]
* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Installation_Guide/ch-partitions-x86.html Fedora Documentation: An Introduction to Disk Partitions]

==== SSH ====
* [http://macnugget.org/projects/publickeys/ David McNett: using ssh public key authentication]
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Keys Ubuntu SSH Keys Documentation]
* [http://www.linuxtutorialblog.com/post/ssh-and-scp-howto-tips-tricks Linux Tutorial Blog: SSH and SCP: Howto, tips & tricks]

==== Network Configuration ====
* [http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/254 Debian-style Network Configuration] (Ubuntu Server uses the same style)
* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Deployment_Guide/s1-networkscripts-interfaces.html Fedora Nekwork Interface Configuration Files]

==== Regular Expressions, Grep and SED ====
* [http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm Regular Expressions - A Simple User Guide]
* [http://linuxreviews.org/beginner/tao_of_regular_expressions Tao of Regular Expressions]

=Archived Course Materials=
== General Course Information ==
* [[Franske CNT-2311 Labs|Lab List]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SU11 Labs|Summer 2011 Lab List]]

== Chapter Project Notes ==
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 2 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 3 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 4 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 5 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 7 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 8 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 9 Notes]] 
[[CNT-2311-Chapter 10 Notes]] 

'''
[http://wiki.ihcnt.net/w/Chapter_21_%26_24 CNT-2311-Chapter 21 & 24 Notes]'''
* [[Linux SSH and Samba Notes]]
* [[Linux Job Management Notes]]

== Projects ==

* [[Dual Booting Ubuntu and Windows 7]]
* [[GUID Partiton Table]]
* [[Linux VLAN Trunking]]
* [[Installing Webmin]]
* [[Nat Masquerading and Firewall]]
* [[Control Web Access With Squid]]
* [[Installing MyBB Forum]]
* [[openvpn]]
* [[Zoneminder]]
* [[Understanding Linux Permission Sets]]
* [[Franske CNT-2311 SP10 Commands|Spring 2010 Commands by Session]]
* [[Converting VMWare .vmdk To VirtualBox .vdi Using Qemu+ and VBoxManage]]
* [[Linux command guide]]
* [[Windows File Sharing and Printer Sharing with SAMBA]]
* [[How to Setup NAT]]
* [[Linux-command-list]]

Asterisk Notes

2011-12-19T19:39:41Z

Tryder:

== '''What is Asterisk?''' ==

Astrerisk is free open source software that works as a call processor that can be customized. It provides support for cards like T1 - it acts like a gateway, or you can employ a service (server to act as the card or gateway) It has become much better over the last five years and has been aroud for 7 or 8 but was no very stable in beginning. You will find it built into most open source services. Many small businesses use asterisk, it is built into other products, often the engine is asterisk.
You can get asterisk to work on windows but it is not designed for that. It was designed for Linux but runs on different operating systems like Mac OS X, Solaris, NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD and a for Microsoft Windows there is a port known as AsteriskWin32. The 7900 series of cisco phones work well with asterisk.

Here are some add-ons and things you can do with Asterisk:
•Drivers for various VoIP protocols.
•Drivers for PSTN interface cards and devices.
•Routing and call handling for incoming calls.
•Outbound call generation and routing.
•Media management functions (record, play, generate tone, etc.).
•Call detail recording for accounting and billing.
•Transcoding (conversion from one media format to another).
•Protocol conversion (conversion from one protocol to another).
•Database integration for accessing information on relational databases.
•Web services integration for accessing data using standard internet protocols.
•LDAP integration for accessing corporate directory systems.
•Single and mult-party call bridging.
•Call recording and monitoring functions.
•Integrated "Dialplan" scripting language for call processing.
•External call management in any programming or scripting language through Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI)
•Event notification and CTI integration via the Asterisk Manager Interface (AMI).
•Speech synthesis (aka "text-to-speech") in various languages and dialects using third party engines.
•Speech recognition in various languages using third party recognition engines.

== '''How to downlaod and update Asterisk''' ==

We will be using Oracle's VirtualBox to download Asterisk to. You will need to create a storage space on your D drive and make a new folder with your name and semester "Name-FA11" then close.

Open up VirtualBox ''settings'' and under ''general'' in the default box find the folder you just made and click ok. Your information will now be saved there.

Create a new virtual machine by clicking on new machine under OS click on Linux, click ''next'', under RAM use 768 , click ''next'', create new hard disk, click next, VDI, next, Dynammically allocated, next location Astersiks server, default, ''next'', then click ''create''. You should now see that your VM has been created.

You will now nee to change the settings under the network by simply clicking on Network and under network click on adapter and on attatched and change to bridged.

**Next under storage CD/DVD Drive: click icon beside arrow change to choose a virtual disk CNT files under Linux then Ubuntu 10.10. asterisk tty1
You will get a couple of warnings, click on through them. Under language choose your language (English is the only one Franske will have support for) US, enter, under keyboard click no, enter, enter, it will the start to load. Under hostname use Asterisk, enter, yes, enter, enter, under partition move to yes click ''continue''. Make changes to disks move to yes, ''continue''. The base system will now be installed. enter your name in lowercase, password cisco, cisco again yes, no for encrypting and down arrow for no http proxy ''continue'' and it will continue installing choose no automatic updates. Under software selection leave them all blank by using tab key to tab through to select continue after installation select yes to install bootloader. Finish by clicking on devices and click on CD/DVD and make sure there is no check mark beside ubuntu. then click continue

Type your name and password that you entered
You are not automatically the administrator to become the admin you have to enter: ''sudo bash'' You will see a # to confirm that you are now admin. We will now edit a file by typing:
nano /etc/apt/sources.list
(nano is the text editor and etc is the file) Click control W US. archive.ubuntu.com
Under replace with: enter mirror .rit.edu then repeat control w and change security.ubuntu.com with the mirror.RIT.edu
Update by typing aptitude update, enter aptitude full-upgrade, enter, click enter for yes and update starts. After update it will say Current Staus: 0 updates [-94]
We will the type:
aptitude install asterisk atfpd dhcp3-server
enter 001 for USA country code and click continue
If there are errors (and ther will be) type:
aptitude update
enter
install aptitude update
enter

to restart type:
shutdown -r now

and try reinstalling if there are still errors, you will need to log back in and refollow steps to update

We should be able to program settings for 7960 phone
nano sip.com
nano extensions.com

gateway
buy VOIP service from service provider on internet
connects over network to provider with actual gateway
install on linux (install linux, then install asterisk
Cisco 7960 phones popular with asterisk

== ''' Step by Step Settings for Virtual Box''' ==

create folder on D drive with username, semester, and year
update default folder in virtualbox general
virtualbox settings -- general
New
asterisk server
linux
ubuntu
768 MB ram
Create new hard disk
VDI (default)
Dynamically allocated
8 GB is enough for virtual disk
Confirm that drive is installed in expected folder

Create
Create

Change Network Setting (click on Network)
Attached to: Bridged Adapter
(connects virtual machine directly to network card of computer)

ubuntu server file is already on system

Click on Storage
click on IDE Controller / Empty
click on disk on far right side (next ot IDE Secondary Master)
Choose Virtual CD Disk File
D:\\CNT Files\Linux Install CDs\
ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso

Click Start to start the virtual machine
OK through warning about keyboard capture
OK through virtual colors
OK through audio problems
English
Enter
Install Ubuntu Server
OK through mouse pointer
OK through color
Enter through English
Enter through United States
no for detect keyboard
USA
Standard USA keyboard
hostname asterisk
America/Chicago time zone
Guided - use entire disk adn set up LVM
Select Disk -- SCSI3
select YES
use default, 8.3 GB
YES - Write changes to disk

lower corner of screen will show activity to hard disk, CD,
and other devices.

Create User Accounts
Full Name
username
password: cisco
cisco
Yes -- accept weak password
NO -- do not encrypt home directory
empty -- no http proxy

NO automatic updates

Software to Install
Leave blank
TAB to reach Continue button
the distribution is Oct 2010
current Oct2011 server edition is the same

Yes -- install GRUB boot loader to master boot record

Remove virtual CD before
Pull down Devices to --> CD/DVD Devices

Login using name and password that we specified

become administrator

sudo bash
cisco

nano /etc/apt/soruces.list

ctrl-w
ctrl-r
search for us.archive.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
In vi this is :1,$s/us.archive.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
14 lines are changed
search for security.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
:1,$s/security.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
6 lines change
ctrl-o
enter
ctrl-x to exit

== '''Upgrade Ubuntu OS''' ==

The problem with the asterisk install was the age of the operating system. The fix is to upgrade the Ubuntu OS to a later version that is compatible with the current asterisk distribution.

The upgrade process includes the following.
1. login
2. become root via the command
sudo bash
3. Edit the file, /etc/apt/sources.list. Change the phrase, maverick, to the phrase, nantty, on every line.
The vi command phrase is :1,$s/maverick/nantty/g
4. Update via the command
aptitude update
5. Install the upgrade via the command
aptitude full-upgrade
Accept this solution: Answer Y to every prompt
Click OK for the openbsd-inetd cron atd upgrade
Click OK for the cron atd upgrade

Login w/: sudo bash
Finished updating with replacing the maverick file with natty and updated again
Aptitude update
Aptitude full-upgrade
At the Configuring libc6 screen: enter, enter
After updating type in:
asterisk
cd/etc/asterisk
ls
We then will go to the file tftp file editor
nano /etc/default/atftpd
A file should come up with [Read 2 lines] if not update tftp
aptitude install atftpd
add to the beginnng:
--daemon --port69
Add to the end:
/tftpboot
mkdir /tftpboot
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Settings for Phone 1 Line 1
;
[phone1line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
calleride=”Phone 1 Line 1 <5001>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
secret=phone1line1
mailbox=5001
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
allow=alaw
nano /etc/dhcp3/dhcp/.conf
(if your are missing the dhcp server do an update: aptitude install dhcp3-server)
DHCP for IP Phones
subnet 172.16.(use your cp # for this 3rd octet) .0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 172.16.99.1;
option cisco-etherboot-server 172.16.99.1;
option tftp-server-name “172.16.99.1” ;
authoritative
range 172.16.99.50 172.16.99.254;
}
Exit and save by cntrl O cntrl X
‘’eth0”
Exit and save (CntrlO cntrlW)
nano /etc/network/interfaces
iface eth0 inet dhcp
iface eth0 inet static
address 172.16.8.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
Exit & save
ifconfig
ifdown eth0
ifup eth0
ifconfig
ping 172.16.99.1
(ping will keep on until you enter cntrl c)
cd /tftpboot/
OS79XX.txt
Then import file for OS79xx.txt or type in the config file.
shutdown -h now

2011 12 05

* ! '''''exclamation marks = enter'''''
*'''''nano = edit'''''
'''Unhook ethernet & login'''

cd/tftpboot
tftpboot#wget ftp://10.1.11.36/tftpboot/*
ls (''to show listing'')
etc/network/interfaces
cp/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcpd.conf (''to copy config file from dhcpd3 to dhcpd'')

'''''Once your plugged back in and have pc and phone plugged into a poe switch'''''

ifup eth0
ifconfig

'''Use the following command to see what is happening in real time and control c to get back'''

tail -f /var/log/syslog
cntrl c
/etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server start

'''''If you encounter any errors with your configuration file you can edit it by going to:'''''

nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
tail /var/log/syslog ('''''To show tail end of the log'''''

'''''Anytime you need to make a change on the phone you will need to unplug and go through the start up process again'''''

/etc/default/atftpd
/etc/inetd.conf

'''''Go to the line that starts with tftp go to end of line that and change /srvtftp to tftpboot'''''

ps aux | grep tftp
/etc/init.d/openbsd-inetd restart
ps aux | grep tftp

'''''If the srv is still up you have kill the line'''''

nano XMLDefault.cnf.xml ('''''for editing''''')

''Phone will "Phone Unprovisioned" when it is requesting configuration''

cd/tftpboot
tail/var/syslog

make a copy of the SIPmacaddress.cnf

cp SIPmacaddress.cnf SIP(insert mac address here)
nano /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

Edit file:

[phone2line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
callerid="phone2line1" <5002>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
nano SIP(insert mac address here and use all capital letters).cnf
nano SIPDCefault.cnf

Change the proxy addresses to your computer address
Unplug phone and let configuration files reload
and reconnect with the following command

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
sip show peers
cp SIPmacaddress.cnf

Edit file by changing phone1 to phone2 on all instances:

"phone2line1"
"phone 2"

Unplug phone and plug back in, after you make changes in asterisk you need it to reread the configuration

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload
sip show peers ''(to show neighbors)''

== '''Setting up Dial Plan''' ==

Now we need to set up a dial plan that allows the phones to communicate
A key file is called extensions.conf where all kinds of config files are stored, one of the files is called [demo] which we will try to get to work.

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[local_pod]
exten => 5001,1,Dial(SIP/phone1line1)
exten => 5002,1,Dial(SIP/phone2line1)
asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload

Now can pick up phone and check for dialtone

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[demo] to ring a "dummy" line
exten =>6001,1,Goto(Demo,s,1)

You can create another extension and change the caller id by going back to the exten file and entering commands:
exten =>6001,1,Doto(demo,s,1)
exten =>6002,

== '''Setting up Voicemail''' ==

For a quick install guide follow the bottom link:
''voice-info.com''
''http://fonality.com/trixbox/wiki/trixbox-quick-install-guide''

Asterisk Notes

2011-12-19T16:48:29Z

Tryder:

== '''What is Asterisk?''' ==

Astrerisk is free open source software that works as a call processor that can be customized. It provides support for cards like T1 - it acts like a gateway, or you can employ a service (server to act as the card or gateway) It has become much better over the last five years and has been aroud for 7 or 8 but was no very stable in beginning. You will find it built into most open source services. Many small businesses use asterisk, it is built into other products, often the engine is asterisk.
You can get asterisk to work on windows but it is not designed for that. It was designed for Linux but runs on different operating systems like Mac OS X, Solaris, NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD and a for Microsoft Windows there is a port known as AsteriskWin32. The 7900 series of cisco phones work well with asterisk.

== '''How to downlaod and update Asterisk''' ==

We will be using Oracle's VirtualBox to download Asterisk to. You will need to create a storage space on your D drive and make a new folder with your name and semester "Name-FA11" then close.

Open up VirtualBox ''settings'' and under ''general'' in the default box find the folder you just made and click ok. Your information will now be saved there.

Create a new virtual machine by clicking on new machine under OS click on Linux, click ''next'', under RAM use 768 , click ''next'', create new hard disk, click next, VDI, next, Dynammically allocated, next location Astersiks server, default, ''next'', then click ''create''. You should now see that your VM has been created.

You will now nee to change the settings under the network by simply clicking on Network and under network click on adapter and on attatched and change to bridged.

**Next under storage CD/DVD Drive: click icon beside arrow change to choose a virtual disk CNT files under Linux then Ubuntu 10.10. asterisk tty1
You will get a couple of warnings, click on through them. Under language choose your language (English is the only one Franske will have support for) US, enter, under keyboard click no, enter, enter, it will the start to load. Under hostname use Asterisk, enter, yes, enter, enter, under partition move to yes click ''continue''. Make changes to disks move to yes, ''continue''. The base system will now be installed. enter your name in lowercase, password cisco, cisco again yes, no for encrypting and down arrow for no http proxy ''continue'' and it will continue installing choose no automatic updates. Under software selection leave them all blank by using tab key to tab through to select continue after installation select yes to install bootloader. Finish by clicking on devices and click on CD/DVD and make sure there is no check mark beside ubuntu. then click continue

Type your name and password that you entered
You are not automatically the administrator to become the admin you have to enter: ''sudo bash'' You will see a # to confirm that you are now admin. We will now edit a file by typing:
nano /etc/apt/sources.list
(nano is the text editor and etc is the file) Click control W US. archive.ubuntu.com
Under replace with: enter mirror .rit.edu then repeat control w and change security.ubuntu.com with the mirror.RIT.edu
Update by typing aptitude update, enter aptitude full-upgrade, enter, click enter for yes and update starts. After update it will say Current Staus: 0 updates [-94]
We will the type:
aptitude install asterisk atfpd dhcp3-server
enter 001 for USA country code and click continue
If there are errors (and ther will be) type:
aptitude update
enter
install aptitude update
enter

to restart type:
shutdown -r now

and try reinstalling if there are still errors, you will need to log back in and refollow steps to update

We should be able to program settings for 7960 phone
nano sip.com
nano extensions.com

gateway
buy VOIP service from service provider on internet
connects over network to provider with actual gateway
install on linux (install linux, then install asterisk
Cisco 7960 phones popular with asterisk

== ''' Step by Step Settings for Virtual Box''' ==

create folder on D drive with username, semester, and year
update default folder in virtualbox general
virtualbox settings -- general
New
asterisk server
linux
ubuntu
768 MB ram
Create new hard disk
VDI (default)
Dynamically allocated
8 GB is enough for virtual disk
Confirm that drive is installed in expected folder

Create
Create

Change Network Setting (click on Network)
Attached to: Bridged Adapter
(connects virtual machine directly to network card of computer)

ubuntu server file is already on system

Click on Storage
click on IDE Controller / Empty
click on disk on far right side (next ot IDE Secondary Master)
Choose Virtual CD Disk File
D:\\CNT Files\Linux Install CDs\
ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso

Click Start to start the virtual machine
OK through warning about keyboard capture
OK through virtual colors
OK through audio problems
English
Enter
Install Ubuntu Server
OK through mouse pointer
OK through color
Enter through English
Enter through United States
no for detect keyboard
USA
Standard USA keyboard
hostname asterisk
America/Chicago time zone
Guided - use entire disk adn set up LVM
Select Disk -- SCSI3
select YES
use default, 8.3 GB
YES - Write changes to disk

lower corner of screen will show activity to hard disk, CD,
and other devices.

Create User Accounts
Full Name
username
password: cisco
cisco
Yes -- accept weak password
NO -- do not encrypt home directory
empty -- no http proxy

NO automatic updates

Software to Install
Leave blank
TAB to reach Continue button
the distribution is Oct 2010
current Oct2011 server edition is the same

Yes -- install GRUB boot loader to master boot record

Remove virtual CD before
Pull down Devices to --> CD/DVD Devices

Login using name and password that we specified

become administrator

sudo bash
cisco

nano /etc/apt/soruces.list

ctrl-w
ctrl-r
search for us.archive.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
In vi this is :1,$s/us.archive.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
14 lines are changed
search for security.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
:1,$s/security.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
6 lines change
ctrl-o
enter
ctrl-x to exit

== '''Upgrade Ubuntu OS''' ==

The problem with the asterisk install was the age of the operating system. The fix is to upgrade the Ubuntu OS to a later version that is compatible with the current asterisk distribution.

The upgrade process includes the following.
1. login
2. become root via the command
sudo bash
3. Edit the file, /etc/apt/sources.list. Change the phrase, maverick, to the phrase, nantty, on every line.
The vi command phrase is :1,$s/maverick/nantty/g
4. Update via the command
aptitude update
5. Install the upgrade via the command
aptitude full-upgrade
Accept this solution: Answer Y to every prompt
Click OK for the openbsd-inetd cron atd upgrade
Click OK for the cron atd upgrade

Login w/: sudo bash
Finished updating with replacing the maverick file with natty and updated again
Aptitude update
Aptitude full-upgrade
At the Configuring libc6 screen: enter, enter
After updating type in:
asterisk
cd/etc/asterisk
ls
We then will go to the file tftp file editor
nano /etc/default/atftpd
A file should come up with [Read 2 lines] if not update tftp
aptitude install atftpd
add to the beginnng:
--daemon --port69
Add to the end:
/tftpboot
mkdir /tftpboot
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Settings for Phone 1 Line 1
;
[phone1line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
calleride=”Phone 1 Line 1 <5001>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
secret=phone1line1
mailbox=5001
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
allow=alaw
nano /etc/dhcp3/dhcp/.conf
(if your are missing the dhcp server do an update: aptitude install dhcp3-server)
DHCP for IP Phones
subnet 172.16.(use your cp # for this 3rd octet) .0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 172.16.99.1;
option cisco-etherboot-server 172.16.99.1;
option tftp-server-name “172.16.99.1” ;
authoritative
range 172.16.99.50 172.16.99.254;
}
Exit and save by cntrl O cntrl X
‘’eth0”
Exit and save (CntrlO cntrlW)
nano /etc/network/interfaces
iface eth0 inet dhcp
iface eth0 inet static
address 172.16.8.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
Exit & save
ifconfig
ifdown eth0
ifup eth0
ifconfig
ping 172.16.99.1
(ping will keep on until you enter cntrl c)
cd /tftpboot/
OS79XX.txt
Then import file for OS79xx.txt or type in the config file.
shutdown -h now

2011 12 05

* ! '''''exclamation marks = enter'''''
*'''''nano = edit'''''
'''Unhook ethernet & login'''

cd/tftpboot
tftpboot#wget ftp://10.1.11.36/tftpboot/*
ls (''to show listing'')
etc/network/interfaces
cp/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcpd.conf (''to copy config file from dhcpd3 to dhcpd'')

'''''Once your plugged back in and have pc and phone plugged into a poe switch'''''

ifup eth0
ifconfig

'''Use the following command to see what is happening in real time and control c to get back'''

tail -f /var/log/syslog
cntrl c
/etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server start

'''''If you encounter any errors with your configuration file you can edit it by going to:'''''

nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
tail /var/log/syslog ('''''To show tail end of the log'''''

'''''Anytime you need to make a change on the phone you will need to unplug and go through the start up process again'''''

/etc/default/atftpd
/etc/inetd.conf

'''''Go to the line that starts with tftp go to end of line that and change /srvtftp to tftpboot'''''

ps aux | grep tftp
/etc/init.d/openbsd-inetd restart
ps aux | grep tftp

'''''If the srv is still up you have kill the line'''''

nano XMLDefault.cnf.xml ('''''for editing''''')

''Phone will "Phone Unprovisioned" when it is requesting configuration''

cd/tftpboot
tail/var/syslog

make a copy of the SIPmacaddress.cnf

cp SIPmacaddress.cnf SIP(insert mac address here)
nano /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

Edit file:

[phone2line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
callerid="phone2line1" <5002>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
nano SIP(insert mac address here and use all capital letters).cnf
nano SIPDCefault.cnf

Change the proxy addresses to your computer address
Unplug phone and let configuration files reload
and reconnect with the following command

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
sip show peers
cp SIPmacaddress.cnf

Edit file by changing phone1 to phone2 on all instances:

"phone2line1"
"phone 2"

Unplug phone and plug back in, after you make changes in asterisk you need it to reread the configuration

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload
sip show peers ''(to show neighbors)''

== '''Setting up Dial Plan''' ==

Now we need to set up a dial plan that allows the phones to communicate
A key file is called extensions.conf where all kinds of config files are stored, one of the files is called [demo] which we will try to get to work.

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[local_pod]
exten => 5001,1,Dial(SIP/phone1line1)
exten => 5002,1,Dial(SIP/phone2line1)
asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload

Now can pick up phone and check for dialtone

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[demo] to ring a "dummy" line
exten =>6001,1,Goto(Demo,s,1)

You can create another extension and change the caller id by going back to the exten file and entering commands:
exten =>6001,1,Doto(demo,s,1)
exten =>6002,

== '''Setting up Voicemail''' ==

Now lets see if we can get voicemail working by going to:
''voice-info.com''
''google "trixbox"''

Asterisk Notes

2011-12-13T18:01:40Z

Tryder:

11-28-11
Astrerisk is a free call process, provides support for cards like T1 - it acts like a gateway, or you can employ a service (server to act as the card or gateway) It has become much better over the last five years and has been aroud for 7 or 8 but was no very stable in the beginning. You will find it built into most open source services. You can get asterisk to work on windows but it is not designed for that. The 7900 series of cisco phones work well with asterisk and can get a 7960 for around 20 bucks on ebay.

We will be using Oracle's VirtualBox to download Asterisk to. You will need to create a storage space on your D drive. Make a new folder with your name and semester "Name-FA11" then close.

Next open up VirtualBox ''settings'' and under ''general'' in the default box find the folder you just made and click ok. Your information will now be saved there.

Next create a new virtual machine by clicking on new machine under OS click on Linux, click ''next'', under RAM use 768 , click ''next'', create new hard disk, click next, VDI, next, Dynammically allocated, next location Astersiks server, default, ''next'', then click ''create''. You should now see that your VM has been created.

You will now nee to change the settings under the network by simply clicking on Network and under network click on adapter and on attatched and change to bridged.

**Next under storage CD/DVD Drive: click icon beside arrow change to choose a virtual disk CNT files under Linux then Ubuntu 10.10. asterisk tty1
You will get a couple of warnings, click on through them. Under language choose your language (English is the only one Franske will have support for) US, enter, under keyboard click no, enter, enter, it will the start to load. Under hostname use Asterisk, enter, yes, enter, enter, under partition move to yes click ''continue''. Make changes to disks move to yes, ''continue''. The base system will now be installed. enter your name in lowercase, password cisco, cisco again yes, no for encrypting and down arrow for no http proxy ''continue'' and it will continue installing choose no automatic updates. Under software selection leave them all blank by using tab key to tab through to select continue after installation select yes to install bootloader. Finish by clicking on devices and click on CD/DVD and make sure there is no check mark beside ubuntu. then click continue

Type your name and password that you entered
You are not automatically admin to become the admin you have to enter: sudo bash You will see a # to confirm that you are now admin. We will now edit a file by typing: nano /etc/apt/sources.list (nano is the text editor and etc is the file) Click control W US. archive.ubuntu.com
Under replace with: enter mirror .rit.edu then repeat control w and change security.ubuntu.com with the mirror.RIT.edu
Update by typing aptitude update, enter aptitude full-upgrade, enter, click enter for yes and update starts. After update it will say Current Staus: 0 updates [-94]
We will the type: aptitude install asterisk atfpd dhcp3-server
enter 001 for USA country code and click continue
If there are errors (and ther will be) type:
aptitude update
enter
install aptitude update
enter

to restart type:
shutdown -r now

and try reinstalling if there are still errors, you will need to log back in and refollow steps to update

We should be able to program settings for 7960 phone
nano sip.com
nano extensions.com

''better notes by Greg 2011 11 28''

asterisk.org

open source / free call processor

gateway
buy VOIP service from service provider on internet
connects over network to provider with actual gateway

asterisk has been around for 7 - 8 years
early days, not ready for prime time, not stable, poor configuration
last 5 years, better
many small businesses use asterisk,
built into other products, often the engine is asterisk

can be customized
call centers
robo dialing

GOALS: Walk through installing asterisk
install on linux (install linux, then install asterisk
Cisco 7960 phones popular with asterisk

Virtual box

create folder on D drive with username, semester, and year
update default folder in virtualbox general
virtualbox settings -- general
New
asterisk server
linux
ubuntu
768 MB ram
Create new hard disk
VDI (default)
Dynamically allocated
8 GB is enough for virtual disk
Confirm that drive is installed in expected folder

Create
Create

Change Network Setting (click on Network)
Attached to: Bridged Adapter
(connects virtual machine directly to network card of computer)

ubuntu server file is already on system

Click on Storage
click on IDE Controller / Empty
click on disk on far right side (next ot IDE Secondary Master)
Choose Virtual CD Disk File
D:\\CNT Files\Linux Install CDs\
ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso

Click Start to start the virtual machine
OK through warning about keyboard capture
OK through virtual colors
OK through audio problems
English
Enter
Install Ubuntu Server
OK through mouse pointer
OK through color
Enter through English
Enter through United States
no for detect keyboard
USA
Standard USA keyboard
hostname asterisk
America/Chicago time zone
Guided - use entire disk adn set up LVM
Select Disk -- SCSI3
select YES
use default, 8.3 GB
YES - Write changes to disk

lower corner of screen will show activity to hard disk, CD,
and other devices.

Create User Accounts
Full Name
username
password: cisco
cisco
Yes -- accept weak password
NO -- do not encrypt home directory
empty -- no http proxy

NO automatic updates

Software to Install
Leave blank
TAB to reach Continue button
the distribution is Oct 2010
current Oct2011 server edition is the same

Yes -- install GRUB boot loader to master boot record

Remove virtual CD before
Pull down Devices to --> CD/DVD Devices

Login using name and password that we specified

become administrator

sudo bash
cisco

nano /etc/apt/soruces.list

ctrl-w
ctrl-r
search for us.archive.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
In vi this is :1,$s/us.archive.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
14 lines are changed
search for security.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
:1,$s/security.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
6 lines change
ctrl-o
enter
ctrl-x to exit

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Notes 2011 11 30

The problem with the asterisk install was the age of the operating system. The fix is to upgrade the Ubuntu OS to a later version that is compatible with the current asterisk distribution.

The upgrade process includes the following.
1. login
2. become root via the command
sudo bash
3. Edit the file, /etc/apt/sources.list. Change the phrase, maverick, to the phrase, nantty, on every line.
The vi command phrase is :1,$s/maverick/nantty/g
4. Update via the command
aptitude update
5. Install the upgrade via the command
aptitude full-upgrade
Accept this solution: Answer Y to every prompt
Click OK for the openbsd-inetd cron atd upgrade
Click OK for the cron atd upgrade

Login w/: sudo bash
Finished updating with replacing the maverick file with natty and updated again
Aptitude update
Aptitude full-upgrade
At the Configuring libc6 screen: enter, enter
After updating type in:
asterisk
cd/etc/asterisk
ls
We then will go to the file tftp file editor
nano /etc/default/atftpd
A file should come up with [Read 2 lines] if not update tftp
aptitude install atftpd
add to the beginnng:
--daemon --port69
Add to the end:
/tftpboot
mkdir /tftpboot
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Settings for Phone 1 Line 1
;
[phone1line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
calleride=”Phone 1 Line 1 <5001>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
secret=phone1line1
mailbox=5001
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
allow=alaw
nano /etc/dhcp3/dhcp/.conf
(if your are missing the dhcp server do an update: aptitude install dhcp3-server)
DHCP for IP Phones
subnet 172.16.(use your cp # for this 3rd octet) .0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 172.16.99.1;
option cisco-etherboot-server 172.16.99.1;
option tftp-server-name “172.16.99.1” ;
authoritative
range 172.16.99.50 172.16.99.254;
}
Exit and save by cntrl O cntrl X
‘’eth0”
Exit and save (CntrlO cntrlW)
nano /etc/network/interfaces
iface eth0 inet dhcp
iface eth0 inet static
address 172.16.8.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
Exit & save
ifconfig
ifdown eth0
ifup eth0
ifconfig
ping 172.16.99.1
(ping will keep on until you enter cntrl c)
cd /tftpboot/
OS79XX.txt
Then import file for OS79xx.txt or type in the config file.
shutdown -h now

2011 12 05

* ! '''''exclamation marks = enter'''''
*'''''nano = edit'''''
'''Unhook ethernet & login'''

cd/tftpboot
tftpboot#wget ftp://10.1.11.36/tftpboot/*
ls (''to show listing'')
etc/network/interfaces
cp/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcpd.conf (''to copy config file from dhcpd3 to dhcpd'')

'''''Once your plugged back in and have pc and phone plugged into a poe switch'''''

ifup eth0
ifconfig

'''Use the following command to see what is happening in real time and control c to get back'''

tail -f /var/log/syslog
cntrl c
/etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server start

'''''If you encounter any errors with your configuration file you can edit it by going to:'''''

nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
tail /var/log/syslog ('''''To show tail end of the log'''''

'''''Anytime you need to make a change on the phone you will need to unplug and go through the start up process again'''''

/etc/default/atftpd
/etc/inetd.conf

'''''Go to the line that starts with tftp go to end of line that and change /srvtftp to tftpboot'''''

ps aux | grep tftp
/etc/init.d/openbsd-inetd restart
ps aux | grep tftp

'''''If the srv is still up you have kill the line'''''

nano XMLDefault.cnf.xml ('''''for editing''''')

''Phone will "Phone Unprovisioned" when it is requesting configuration''

cd/tftpboot
tail/var/syslog

make a copy of the SIPmacaddress.cnf

cp SIPmacaddress.cnf SIP(insert mac address here)
nano /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

Edit file:

[phone2line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
callerid="phone2line1" <5002>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
nano SIP(insert mac address here and use all capital letters).cnf
nano SIPDCefault.cnf

Change the proxy addresses to your computer address
Unplug phone and let configuration files reload
and reconnect with the following command

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
sip show peers
cp SIPmacaddress.cnf

Edit file by changing phone1 to phone2 on all instances:

"phone2line1"
"phone 2"

Unplug phone and plug back in, after you make changes in asterisk you need it to reread the configuration

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload
sip show peers ''(to show neighbors)''

Now we need to set up a dial plan that allows the phones to communicate
A key file is called extensions.conf where all kinds of config files are stored, one of the files is called [demo] which we will try to get to work.

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[local_pod]
exten => 5001,1,Dial(SIP/phone1line1)
exten => 5002,1,Dial(SIP/phone2line1)
asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload

Now can pick up phone and check for dialtone

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[demo] to ring a "dummy" line
exten =>6001,1,Goto(Demo,s,1)

You can create another extension and change the caller id by going back to the exten file and entering commands:
exten =>6001,1,Doto(demo,s,1)
exten =>6002,

Now lets see if we can get voicemail working by going to:
''voice-info.com''
''google "trixbox"''

Asterisk Notes

2011-12-07T21:51:54Z

Tryder:

11-28-11
Astrerisk is a free call process, provides support for cards like T1 - it acts like a gateway, or you can employ a service (server to act as the card or gateway) It has become much better over the last five years and has been aroud for 7 or 8 but was no very stable in the beginning. You will find it built into most open source services. You can get asterisk to work on windows but it is not designed for that. The 7900 series of cisco phones work well with asterisk and can get a 7960 for around 20 bucks on ebay.

We will be using Oracle's VirtualBox to download Asterisk to. You will need to create a storage space on your D drive. Make a new folder with your name and semester "Name-FA11" then close.

Next open up VirtualBox ''settings'' and under ''general'' in the default box find the folder you just made and click ok. Your information will now be saved there.

Next create a new virtual machine by clicking on new machine under OS click on Linux, click ''next'', under RAM use 768 , click ''next'', create new hard disk, click next, VDI, next, Dynammically allocated, next location Astersiks server, default, ''next'', then click ''create''. You should now see that your VM has been created.

You will now nee to change the settings under the network by simply clicking on Network and under network click on adapter and on attatched and change to bridged.

**Next under storage CD/DVD Drive: click icon beside arrow change to choose a virtual disk CNT files under Linux then Ubuntu 10.10. asterisk tty1
You will get a couple of warnings, click on through them. Under language choose your language (English is the only one Franske will have support for) US, enter, under keyboard click no, enter, enter, it will the start to load. Under hostname use Asterisk, enter, yes, enter, enter, under partition move to yes click ''continue''. Make changes to disks move to yes, ''continue''. The base system will now be installed. enter your name in lowercase, password cisco, cisco again yes, no for encrypting and down arrow for no http proxy ''continue'' and it will continue installing choose no automatic updates. Under software selection leave them all blank by using tab key to tab through to select continue after installation select yes to install bootloader. Finish by clicking on devices and click on CD/DVD and make sure there is no check mark beside ubuntu. then click continue

Type your name and password that you entered
You are not automatically admin to become the admin you have to enter: sudo bash You will see a # to confirm that you are now admin. We will now edit a file by typing: nano /etc/apt/sources.list (nano is the text editor and etc is the file) Click control W US. archive.ubuntu.com
Under replace with: enter mirror .rit.edu then repeat control w and change security.ubuntu.com with the mirror.RIT.edu
Update by typing aptitude update, enter aptitude full-upgrade, enter, click enter for yes and update starts. After update it will say Current Staus: 0 updates [-94]
We will the type: aptitude install asterisk atfpd dhcp3-server
enter 001 for USA country code and click continue
If there are errors (and ther will be) type:
aptitude update
enter
install aptitude update
enter

to restart type:
shutdown -r now

and try reinstalling if there are still errors, you will need to log back in and refollow steps to update

We should be able to program settings for 7960 phone
nano sip.com
nano extensions.com

''better notes by Greg 2011 11 28''

asterisk.org

open source / free call processor

gateway
buy VOIP service from service provider on internet
connects over network to provider with actual gateway

asterisk has been around for 7 - 8 years
early days, not ready for prime time, not stable, poor configuration
last 5 years, better
many small businesses use asterisk,
built into other products, often the engine is asterisk

can be customized
call centers
robo dialing

GOALS: Walk through installing asterisk
install on linux (install linux, then install asterisk
Cisco 7960 phones popular with asterisk

Virtual box

create folder on D drive with username, semester, and year
update default folder in virtualbox general
virtualbox settings -- general
New
asterisk server
linux
ubuntu
768 MB ram
Create new hard disk
VDI (default)
Dynamically allocated
8 GB is enough for virtual disk
Confirm that drive is installed in expected folder

Create
Create

Change Network Setting (click on Network)
Attached to: Bridged Adapter
(connects virtual machine directly to network card of computer)

ubuntu server file is already on system

Click on Storage
click on IDE Controller / Empty
click on disk on far right side (next ot IDE Secondary Master)
Choose Virtual CD Disk File
D:\\CNT Files\Linux Install CDs\
ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso

Click Start to start the virtual machine
OK through warning about keyboard capture
OK through virtual colors
OK through audio problems
English
Enter
Install Ubuntu Server
OK through mouse pointer
OK through color
Enter through English
Enter through United States
no for detect keyboard
USA
Standard USA keyboard
hostname asterisk
America/Chicago time zone
Guided - use entire disk adn set up LVM
Select Disk -- SCSI3
select YES
use default, 8.3 GB
YES - Write changes to disk

lower corner of screen will show activity to hard disk, CD,
and other devices.

Create User Accounts
Full Name
username
password: cisco
cisco
Yes -- accept weak password
NO -- do not encrypt home directory
empty -- no http proxy

NO automatic updates

Software to Install
Leave blank
TAB to reach Continue button
the distribution is Oct 2010
current Oct2011 server edition is the same

Yes -- install GRUB boot loader to master boot record

Remove virtual CD before
Pull down Devices to --> CD/DVD Devices

Login using name and password that we specified

become administrator

sudo bash
cisco

nano /etc/apt/soruces.list

ctrl-w
ctrl-r
search for us.archive.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
In vi this is :1,$s/us.archive.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
14 lines are changed
search for security.ubuntu.com
replace with mirror.rit.edu
:1,$s/security.ubuntu.com/mirror.rit.edu/g
6 lines change
ctrl-o
enter
ctrl-x to exit

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Notes 2011 11 30

The problem with the asterisk install was the age of the operating system. The fix is to upgrade the Ubuntu OS to a later version that is compatible with the current asterisk distribution.

The upgrade process includes the following.
1. login
2. become root via the command
sudo bash
3. Edit the file, /etc/apt/sources.list. Change the phrase, maverick, to the phrase, nantty, on every line.
The vi command phrase is :1,$s/maverick/nantty/g
4. Update via the command
aptitude update
5. Install the upgrade via the command
aptitude full-upgrade
Accept this solution: Answer Y to every prompt
Click OK for the openbsd-inetd cron atd upgrade
Click OK for the cron atd upgrade

2011 12 05

* ! '''''exclamation marks = enter'''''
*'''''nano = edit'''''
'''Unhook ethernet & login'''

cd/tftpboot
tftpboot#wget ftp://10.1.11.36/tftpboot/*
ls (''to show listing'')
etc/network/interfaces
cp/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcpd.conf (''to copy config file from dhcpd3 to dhcpd'')

'''''Once your plugged back in and have pc and phone plugged into a poe switch'''''

ifup eth0
ifconfig

'''Use the following command to see what is happening in real time and control c to get back'''

tail -f /var/log/syslog
cntrl c
/etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server start

'''''If you encounter any errors with your configuration file you can edit it by going to:'''''

nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
tail /var/log/syslog ('''''To show tail end of the log'''''

'''''Anytime you need to make a change on the phone you will need to unplug and go through the start up process again'''''

/etc/default/atftpd
/etc/inetd.conf

'''''Go to the line that starts with tftp go to end of line that and change /srvtftp to tftpboot'''''

ps aux | grep tftp
/etc/init.d/openbsd-inetd restart
ps aux | grep tftp

'''''If the srv is still up you have kill the line'''''

nano XMLDefault.cnf.xml ('''''for editing''''')

''Phone will "Phone Unprovisioned" when it is requesting configuration''

cd/tftpboot
tail/var/syslog

make a copy of the SIPmacaddress.cnf

cp SIPmacaddress.cnf SIP(insert mac address here)
nano /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

Edit file:

[phone2line1]
type=friend
context=local_pod
callerid="phone2line1" <5002>
host=dynamic
dtmfmode=rfc2833
nano SIP(insert mac address here and use all capital letters).cnf
nano SIPDCefault.cnf

Change the proxy addresses to your computer address
Unplug phone and let configuration files reload
and reconnect with the following command

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
sip show peers
cp SIPmacaddress.cnf

Edit file by changing phone1 to phone2 on all instances:

"phone2line1"
"phone 2"

Unplug phone and plug back in, after you make changes in asterisk you need it to reread the configuration

asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload
sip show peers ''(to show neighbors)''

Now we need to set up a dial plan that allows the phones to communicate
A key file is called extensions.conf where all kinds of config files are stored, one of the files is called [demo] which we will try to get to work.

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[local_pod]
exten => 5001,1,Dial(SIP/phone1line1)
exten => 5002,1,Dial(SIP/phone2line1)
asterisk -rcvvvvvvvvvvvvv
reload

Now can pick up phone and check for dialtone

nano /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
[demo] to ring a "dummy" line
exten =>6001,1,Goto(Demo,s,1)

You can create another extension and change the caller id by going back to the exten file and entering commands:
exten =>6001,1,Doto(demo,s,1)
exten =>6002,

Now lets see if we can get voicemail working by going to:
''voice-info.com''
''google "trixbox"''